On-demand autophagic network adaptations upon limited lipid availability

References

• Yang Y, Klionsky DJ. Autophagy and disease: unanswered questions. Cell Death Differ. 2020 Jan 3;27(3):858–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashi-Nishino M, Fujita N, Noda T, et al. A subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum forms a cradle for autophagosome formation. Nat Cell Biol. 2009 Dec;11(12):1433–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrends C, Sowa ME, Gygi SP, et al. Network organization of the human autophagy system. Nature. 2010 Jul 1;466(7302):68–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont N, Chauhan S, Arko-Mensah J, et al. Neutral lipid stores and lipase PNPLA5 contribute to autophagosome biogenesis. Curr Biol. 2014 Mar 17;24(6):609–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer TJ, Gubas A, Tooze SA. A molecular perspective of mammalian autophagosome biogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2018 Apr 13;293(15):5386–5395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinsztein DC, Shpilka T, Elazar Z. Mechanisms of autophagosome biogenesis. Curr Biol. 2012 Jan 10;22(1):R29–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shpilka T, Welter E, Borovsky N, et al. Lipid droplets and their component triglycerides and steryl esters regulate autophagosome biogenesis. Embo J. 2015 Aug 13;34(16):2117–2131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldmann A, Bekbulat F, Huesmann H, et al. The RAB GTPase RAB18 modulates macroautophagy and proteostasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 May 6;486(3):738–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern A, Dikic I, Behl C. The integration of autophagy and cellular trafficking pathways via RAB GAPs. Autophagy. 2015;11(12):2393–2397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spang N, Feldmann A, Huesmann H, et al. RAB3GAP1 and RAB3GAP2 modulate basal and rapamycin-induced autophagy. Autophagy. 2014;10(12):2297–2309. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dejgaard SY, Presley JF. Rab18: new insights into the function of an essential protein. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 May;76(10):1935–1945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin S, Driessen K, Nixon SJ, et al. Regulated localization of Rab18 to lipid droplets: effects of lipolytic stimulation and inhibition of lipid droplet catabolism. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 23;280(51):42325–42335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulido MR, Diaz-Ruiz A, Jimenez-Gomez Y, et al. Rab18 dynamics in adipocytes in relation to lipogenesis, lipolysis and obesity. PLoS One. 2011;6(7):e22931. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Li Y, Wu L, et al. Rab18 promotes lipid droplet (LD) growth by tethering the ER to LDs through SNARE and NRZ interactions. J Cell Biol. 2018 Mar 5;217(3):975–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerondopoulos A, Bastos RN, Yoshimura S, et al. Rab18 and a Rab18 GEF complex are required for normal ER structure. J Cell Biol. 2014 Jun 9;205(5):707–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handley MT, Aligianis IA. RAB3GAP1, RAB3GAP2 and RAB18: disease genes in Micro and Martsolf syndromes. Biochem Soc Trans. 2012 Dec 1;40(6):1394–1397.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bekbulat F, Schmitt D, Feldmann A, et al. RAB18 loss interferes with lipid droplet catabolism and provokes autophagy network adaptations. J Mol Biol. 2019 Dec 24;432(4):1216–1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutter M, Giavalisco P, Brodesser S, et al. Local fatty acid channeling into phospholipid synthesis drives phagophore expansion during autophagy. Cell. 2020 Jan 9;180(1):135–149 e14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liegel RP, Handley MT, Ronchetti A, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in TBC1D20 cause cataracts and male infertility in blind sterile mice and Warburg micro syndrome in humans. Am J Hum Genet. 2013 Dec 5;93(6):1001–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada T, Noda NN, Satomi Y, et al. The Atg12-Atg5 conjugate has a novel E3-like activity for protein lipidation in autophagy. J Biol Chem. 2007 Dec 28;282(52):37298–37302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima N. The ATG conjugation systems in autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2019 Dec;31(63):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Pyo JO, Yoo SM, Ahn HH, et al. Overexpression of Atg5 in mice activates autophagy and extends lifespan. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa T, Ishii Y, Noda NN. Human ATG2B possesses a lipid transfer activity which is accelerated by negatively charged lipids and WIPI4. Genes Cells. 2020 Jan;25(1):65–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osawa T, Kotani T, Kawaoka T, et al. Atg2 mediates direct lipid transfer between membranes for autophagosome formation. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2019 Apr;26(4):281–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valverde DP, Yu S, Boggavarapu V, et al. ATG2 transports lipids to promote autophagosome biogenesis. J Cell Biol. 2019 Apr 5;218(6):1787–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velikkakath AK, Nishimura T, Oita E, et al. Mammalian Atg2 proteins are essential for autophagosome formation and important for regulation of size and distribution of lipid droplets. Mol Biol Cell. 2012 Mar;23(5):896–909. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papinski D, Schuschnig M, Reiter W, et al. Early steps in autophagy depend on direct phosphorylation of Atg9 by the Atg1 kinase. Mol Cell. 2014 Feb 6;53(3):471–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai K, Hao F, Fujita N, et al. Atg9A trafficking through the recycling endosomes is required for autophagosome formation. J Cell Sci. 2016 Oct 15;129(20):3781–3791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judith D, Jefferies HBJ, Boeing S, et al. ATG9A shapes the forming autophagosome through Arfaptin 2 and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIbeta. J Cell Biol. 2019 May 6;218(5):1634–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou C, Ma K, Gao R, et al. Regulation of mATG9 trafficking by Src- and ULK1-mediated phosphorylation in basal and starvation-induced autophagy. Cell Res. 2017 Feb;27(2):184–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar