References
- Weber C, Noels H. Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Nat Med. 2011 Nov 7;17(11):1410–1422.
- Moore KJ, Sheedy FJ, Fisher EA. Macrophages in atherosclerosis: a dynamic balance. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Oct;13(10):709–721.
- Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000 Sep 14;407(6801):233–241.
- Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 21;352(16):1685–1695.
- Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Jul;6(7):508–519.
- Glass CK, Witztum JL. Atherosclerosis. the road ahead. Cell. 2001 Feb 23;104(4):503–516.
- Feng Y, He D, Yao Z, et al. The machinery of macroautophagy. Cell Res. 2014 Jan;24(1):24–41. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2013.168.
- Mizushima N, Levine B, Cuervo AM, et al. Autophagy fights disease through cellular self-digestion. Nature. 2008 Feb 28;451(7182):1069–1075.
- Deretic V, Saitoh T, Akira S. Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013 Oct;13(10):722–737.
- Chandra V, Bhagyaraj E, Parkesh R, et al. Transcription factors and cognate signalling cascades in the regulation of autophagy. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2016 May;91(2):429–451.
- Castillo EF, Dekonenko A, Arko-Mensah J, et al. Autophagy protects against active tuberculosis by suppressing bacterial burden and inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012 Nov 13;109(46):E3168–76.
- Singh R, Kaushik S, Wang Y, et al. Autophagy regulates lipid metabolism. Nature. 2009 Apr 30;458(7242):1131–1135.
- Gatica D, Lahiri V, Klionsky DJ. Cargo recognition and degradation by selective autophagy. Nat Cell Biol. 2018 Mar;20(3):233–242.
- Chen K, Yuan R, Zhang Y, et al. Tollip Deficiency Alters Atherosclerosis and Steatosis by Disrupting Lipophagy. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Apr 10;6(4). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.004078.
- Ouimet M, Franklin V, Mak E, et al. Autophagy regulates cholesterol efflux from macrophage foam cells via lysosomal acid lipase. Cell Metab. 2011 Jun 8;13(6):655–667.
- Liu K, Czaja MJ. Regulation of lipid stores and metabolism by lipophagy. Cell Death Differ. 2013 Jan;20(1):3–11.
- Yang M, Zhang Y, Ren J. Autophagic Regulation of Lipid Homeostasis in Cardiometabolic Syndrome. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5:38.
- Sergin I, Razani B. Self-eating in the plaque: what macrophage autophagy reveals about atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 May;25(5):225–234.
- Emanuel R, Sergin I, Bhattacharya S, et al. Induction of lysosomal biogenesis in atherosclerotic macrophages can rescue lipid-induced lysosomal dysfunction and downstream sequelae. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2014 Sep;34(9):1942–1952. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303342.
- Liao X, Sluimer JC, Wang Y, et al. Macrophage autophagy plays a protective role in advanced atherosclerosis. Cell Metab. 2012 Apr 4;15(4):545–553.
- Razani B, Feng C, Coleman T, et al. Autophagy links inflammasomes to atherosclerotic progression. Cell Metab. 2012 Apr 4;15(4):534–544.
- Martinet W, Verheye S, De Meyer GR. Everolimus-induced mTOR inhibition selectively depletes macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques by autophagy. Autophagy. 2007 May-Jun;3(3):241–244.
- Verheye S, Martinet W, Kockx MM, et al. Selective clearance of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques by autophagy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Feb 13;49(6):706–715.
- Sun RZ, Fan Y, Liang X, et al. Rapamycin and FTY720 Alleviate Atherosclerosis by Cross Talk of Macrophage Polarization and Autophagy. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:1010248.
- Liu Y, Yang F, Zou S, et al. Rapamycin: A Bacteria-Derived Immunosuppressant That Has Anti-atherosclerotic Effects and Its Clinical Application. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1520.
- Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jul 19;357(3):266–281.
- Roth DE, Abrams SA, Aloia J, et al. Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018 Oct;1430(1):44–79. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13968.
- Norman PE, Powell JT. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2014 Jan 17;114(2):379–393.
- Pike JW, Meyer MB, Lee SM, et al. The vitamin D receptor: contemporary genomic approaches reveal new basic and translational insights. J Clin Invest. 2017 Apr 3;127(4):1146–1154.
- Demay MB. Mechanism of vitamin D receptor action. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Apr;1068:204–213.
- Gardner DG, Chen S, Glenn DJ. Vitamin D and the heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2013 Nov 1;305(9):R969–77.
- Kassi E, Adamopoulos C, Basdra EK, et al. Role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2013 Dec 3;128(23):2517–2531.
- Yin K, You Y, Swier V, et al. Vitamin D Protects Against Atherosclerosis via Regulation of Cholesterol Efflux and Macrophage Polarization in Hypercholesterolemic Swine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015 Nov;35(11):2432–2442. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.306132.
- Bozic M, Alvarez A, de Pablo C, et al. Impaired Vitamin D Signaling in Endothelial Cell Leads to an Enhanced Leukocyte-Endothelium Interplay: Implications for Atherosclerosis Development. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0136863. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136863.
- Oh J, Weng S, Felton SK, et al. 1,25(OH)2 vitamin d inhibits foam cell formation and suppresses macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2009 Aug 25;120(8):687–698.
- Oh J, Riek AE, Darwech I, et al. Deletion of macrophage Vitamin D receptor promotes insulin resistance and monocyte cholesterol transport to accelerate atherosclerosis in mice. Cell Rep. 2015 Mar 24;10(11):1872–1886.
- Szeto FL, Reardon CA, Yoon D, et al. Vitamin D receptor signaling inhibits atherosclerosis in mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2012 Jul;26(7):1091–1101. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2011-1329.
- Dwivedi PP, Omdahl JL, Kola I, et al. Regulation of rat cytochrome P450C24 (CYP24) gene expression. Evidence for functional cooperation of Ras-activated Ets transcription factors with the vitamin D receptor in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)-mediated induction. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7;275(1):47–55.
- Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. FASEB J. 2005 Jul;19(9):1067–1077.
- Wang TT, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, et al. Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. J Immunol. 2004 Sep 1;173(5):2909–2912.
- Kato S. The function of vitamin D receptor in vitamin D action. J Biochem. 2000 May;127(5):717–722.
- Yuk JM, Shin DM, Lee HM, et al. Vitamin D3 induces autophagy in human monocytes/macrophages via cathelicidin. Cell Host Microbe. 2009 Sep 17;6(3):231–243.
- Campbell GR, Spector SA. Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(5):e1002689.
- Wu S, Zhang YG, Lu R, et al. Intestinal epithelial vitamin D receptor deletion leads to defective autophagy in colitis. Gut. 2015 Jul;64(7):1082–1094. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307436.
- Das LM, Binko AM, Traylor ZP, et al. Vitamin D improves sunburns by increasing autophagy in M2 macrophages. Autophagy. 2019 May;15(5):813–826. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1569298.
- Hoyer-Hansen M, Nordbrandt SP, Jaattela M. Autophagy as a basis for the health-promoting effects of vitamin D. Trends Mol Med. 2010 Jul;16(7):295–302.
- Chandra V, Bhagyaraj E, Nanduri R, et al. NR1D1 ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance through regulation of autophagy. Autophagy. 2015 Nov 2;11(11):1987–1997.
- Dkhar HK, Nanduri R, Mahajan S, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis keto-mycolic acid and macrophage nuclear receptor TR4 modulate foamy biogenesis in granulomas: a case of a heterologous and noncanonical ligand-receptor pair. J Immunol. 2014 Jul 1;193(1):295–305.
- Mahajan S, Saini A, Chandra V, et al. Nuclear receptor Nr4a2 promotes alternative polarization of macrophages and confers protection in sepsis. J Biol Chem. 2015 Jul 24;290(30):18304–18314.
- Nanduri R, Kalra R, Bhagyaraj E, et al. AutophagySMDB: a curated database of small molecules that modulate protein targets regulating autophagy. Autophagy. 2019 Jul;15(7):1280–1295. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1571717.
- Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, et al. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition). Autophagy. 2016;12(1):1–222.
- Sergin I, Bhattacharya S, Emanuel R, et al. Inclusion bodies enriched for p62 and polyubiquitinated proteins in macrophages protect against atherosclerosis. Sci Signal. 2016 Jan 5;9(409):ra2.
- Sergin I, Evans TD, Zhang X, et al. Exploiting macrophage autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis as a therapy for atherosclerosis. Nat Commun. 2017 Jun 7;8:15750. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15750.
- Pao LI, Badour K, Siminovitch KA, et al. Nonreceptor protein-tyrosine phosphatases in immune cell signaling. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:473–523.
- Koch E, Pircher J, Czermak T, et al. The endothelial tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 plays an important role for vascular haemostasis in TNFalpha -induced inflammation in vivo. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:279781.
- Krotz F, Engelbrecht B, Buerkle MA, et al. The tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, is a negative regulator of endothelial superoxide formation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 May 17;45(10):1700–1706.
- Jiang Z, Qin JJ, Zhang Y, et al. LILRB4 deficiency aggravates the development of atherosclerosis and plaque instability by increasing the macrophage inflammatory response via NF-kappaB signaling. Clin Sci (Lond). 2017 Jul 25;131:2275–2288. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1042/CS20170198.
- Yi X, Zhang J, Zhuang R, et al. Silencing LAIR-1 in human THP-1 macrophage increases foam cell formation by modulating PPARgamma and M2 polarization. Cytokine. 2018 Nov;111:194–205.
- Qi W, Li Q, Liew CW, et al. SHP-1 activation inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal hyperplasia in a rodent model of insulin resistance and diabetes. Diabetologia. 2017 Mar;60(3):585–596. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4159-1.
- Tai WT, Shiau CW, Chen HL, et al. Mcl-1-dependent activation of Beclin 1 mediates autophagic cell death induced by sorafenib and SC-59 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis. 2013;4:e485.
- Su JC, Tseng PH, Hsu CY, et al. RFX1-dependent activation of SHP-1 induces autophagy by a novel obatoclax derivative in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget. 2014 Jul 15;5(13):4909–4919.
- Muthian G, Raikwar HP, Rajasingh J, et al. 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin-D3 modulates JAK-STAT pathway in IL-12/IFNgamma axis leading to Th1 response in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res. 2006 May 15;83(7):1299–1309.
- So JY, Smolarek AK, Salerno DM, et al. Targeting CD44-STAT3 signaling by Gemini vitamin D analog leads to inhibition of invasion in basal-like breast cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54020. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054020.
- Huang FC. Vitamin D differentially regulates Salmonella-induced intestine epithelial autophagy and interleukin-1beta expression. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Dec 21;22(47):10353–10363.
- Rego D, Kumar A, Nilchi L, et al. IL-6 production is positively regulated by two distinct Src homology domain 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1)-dependent CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta and NF-kappaB pathways and an SHP-1-independent NF-kappaB pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages. J Immunol. 2011 May 1;186(9):5443–5456.
- Haussler MR, Jurutka PW, Mizwicki M, et al. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1alpha,25(OH)(2)vitamin D(3): genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Aug;25(4):543–559. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.010.
- Nanduri R, Mahajan S, Bhagyaraj E, et al. The active form of vitamin D transcriptionally represses Smad7 signaling and activates Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) to inhibit the differentiation of a inflammatory T helper cell subset and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Biol Chem. 2015 May 8;290(19):12222–12236.
- Ravid A, Rubinstein E, Gamady A, et al. Vitamin D inhibits the activation of stress-activated protein kinases by physiological and environmental stresses in keratinocytes. J Endocrinol. 2002 Jun;173(3):525–532. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1730525.
- Buitrago C, Boland R, de Boland AR. The tyrosine kinase c-Src is required for 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signalling to the nucleus in muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001 Dec 19;1541(3):179–187.
- Morelli S, Buitrago C, Vazquez G, et al. Involvement of tyrosine kinase activity in 1alpha,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 signal transduction in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 17;275(46):36021–36028.
- Gómez CP, Tiemi Shio M, Duplay P, et al. The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 regulates phagolysosome biogenesis. J Immunol. 2012;189(5):2203–2210. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1103021.
- Salamon H, Bruiners N, Lakehal K, et al. Cutting edge: Vitamin D regulates lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Immunol. 2014 Jul 01;193(1):30–34.
- Hmama Z, Sendide K, Talal A, et al. Quantitative analysis of phagolysosome fusion in intact cells: inhibition by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan and rescue by an 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. J Cell Sci. 2004 Apr 15;117(Pt 10):2131–2140.
- Wu S, Sun J. Vitamin D, vitamin D receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection. Discov Med. 2011 Apr;11(59):325–335.
- Tavera-Mendoza LE, Westerling T, Libby E, et al. Vitamin D receptor regulates autophagy in the normal mammary gland and in luminal breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2017 Mar 14;114(11):E2186–E2194.
- Frank C, Burkhardt C, Imhof D, et al. Effective dephosphorylation of Src substrates by SHP-1. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 19;279(12):11375–11383.
- Keilhack H, Tenev T, Nyakatura E, et al. Phosphotyrosine 1173 mediates binding of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 to the epidermal growth factor receptor and attenuation of receptor signaling. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(38):24839–24846. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.38.24839.
- You L, Wang Z, Li H, et al. The role of STAT3 in autophagy. Autophagy. 2015;11(5):729–739. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2015.1017192.
- Chandra V, Mahajan S, Saini A, et al. Human IL10 gene repression by Rev-erbalpha ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis clearance. J Biol Chem. 2013 Apr 12;288(15):10692–10702.