Interplay of energy metabolism and autophagy

References

• Huang K, Fingar DC. Growing knowledge of the mTOR signaling network. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2014 Dec;36:79–90. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He C. Balancing nutrient and energy demand and supply via autophagy. Curr Biol. 2022 Jun 20;32(12):R684–r696. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinowitz JD, White E. Autophagy and metabolism. Science. 2010 Dec 3;330(6009):1344–1348. doi: 10.1126/science.1193497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraft C, Deplazes A, Sohrmann M, et al. Mature ribosomes are selectively degraded upon starvation by an autophagy pathway requiring the Ubp3p/Bre5p ubiquitin protease. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 May;10(5):602–610. doi: 10.1038/ncb1723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karsli-Uzunbas G, Guo JY, Price S, et al. Autophagy is required for glucose homeostasis and lung tumor maintenance. Cancer Discov. 2014 Aug;4(8):914–927. doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-0363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuma A, Hatano M, Matsui M, et al. The role of autophagy during the early neonatal starvation period. Nature. 2004 Dec 23;432(7020):1032–1036. doi: 10.1038/nature03029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamacher-Brady A, Brady NR, Gottlieb RA. Enhancing macroautophagy protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in cardiac myocytes. J Biol Chem. 2006 Oct 6;281(40):29776–29787. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M603783200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez OC, Choudhury S, Kolukula V, et al. Dietary downregulation of mutant p53 levels via glucose restriction: mechanisms and implications for tumor therapy. Cell Cycle. 2012 Dec 1;11(23):4436–4446. doi: 10.4161/cc.22778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashford TP, Porter KR. Cytoplasmic components in hepatic cell lysosomes. J Cell Bio. 1962 Jan;12(1):198–202. doi: 10.1083/jcb.12.1.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deter RL, Baudhuin P, De Duve C. Participation of lysosomes in cellular autophagy induced in rat liver by glucagon. J Cell Bio. 1967 Nov;35(2):C11–6. doi: 10.1083/jcb.35.2.C11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshige K, Baba M, Tsuboi S, et al. Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction. J Cell Bio. 1992 Oct;119(2):301–311. doi: 10.1083/jcb.119.2.301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi C, Tong J, Lu P, et al. Formation of a Snf1-Mec1-Atg1 Module on mitochondria governs energy deprivation-induced autophagy by regulating mitochondrial respiration. Dev Cell. 2017 Apr 10;41(1):59–71.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao W, Li Y, Wu L, et al. Atg11 is required for initiation of glucose starvation-induced autophagy. Autophagy. 2020 Dec;16(12):2206–2218. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1719724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller-Fleming L, Antas P, Pais TF, et al. Yeast DJ-1 superfamily members are required for diauxic-shift reprogramming and cell survival in stationary phase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 May 13;111(19):7012–7017. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1319221111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi A, Koizumi M, Ohsumi Y. Autophagy induction under carbon starvation conditions is negatively regulated by carbon catabolite repression. J Biol Chem. 2017 Dec 1;292(48):19905–19918. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M117.817510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota H, Gomi K, Shintani T. Induction of autophagy by phosphate starvation in an Atg11-dependent manner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017 Jan 29;483(1):522–527. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.12.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber CA, Sekar K, Tang JH, et al. β-Oxidation and autophagy are critical energy providers during acute glucose depletion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Jun 2;117(22):12239–12248. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913370117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CW, Miao YH, Chang YS. A sterol-enriched vacuolar microdomain mediates stationary phase lipophagy in budding yeast. J Cell Bio. 2014 Aug 4;206(3):357–366. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201404115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji T, Fujimoto M, Tatematsu T, et al. Niemann-Pick type C proteins promote microautophagy by expanding raft-like membrane domains in the yeast vacuole. Elife. 2017 Jun 7;6:e25960. doi: 10.7554/eLife.25960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng L, Shu WJ, Li YM, et al. The Paf1 complex transcriptionally regulates the mitochondrial-anchored protein Atg32 leading to activation of mitophagy. Autophagy. 2020 Aug;16(8):1366–1379. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1668228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwama R, Ohsumi Y. Analysis of autophagy activated during changes in carbon source availability in yeast cells. J Biol Chem. 2019 Apr 5;294(14):5590–5603. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.005698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen MH, Liu LF, Chen YR, et al. Expression of alpha-amylases, carbohydrate metabolism, and autophagy in cultured rice cells is coordinately regulated by sugar nutrient. Plant J. 1994 Nov;6(5):625–636. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1994.6050625.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriyasu Y, Ohsumi Y. Autophagy in tobacco suspension-cultured cells in response to sucrose starvation. Plant Physiol. 1996 Aug;111(4):1233–1241. doi: 10.1104/pp.111.4.1233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanaoka H, Noda T, Shirano Y, et al. Leaf senescence and starvation-induced chlorosis are accelerated by the disruption of an Arabidopsis autophagy gene. Plant Physiol. 2002 Jul;129(3):1181–1193. doi: 10.1104/pp.011024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi M, Wada S, Makino A, et al. The autophagic degradation of chloroplasts via rubisco-containing bodies is specifically linked to leaf carbon status but not nitrogen status in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2010 Nov;154(3):1196–1209. doi: 10.1104/pp.110.158519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B, et al. AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Feb;13(2):132–141. doi: 10.1038/ncb2152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammoh N, Florey O, Overholtzer M, et al. Interaction between FIP200 and ATG16L1 distinguishes ULK1 complex-dependent and -independent autophagy. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013 Feb;20(2):144–149. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheong H, Lindsten T, Wu J, et al. Ammonia-induced autophagy is independent of ULK1/ULK2 kinases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5;108(27):11121–11126. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1107969108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlpine F, Williamson LE, Tooze SA, et al. Regulation of nutrient-sensitive autophagy by uncoordinated 51-like kinases 1 and 2. Autophagy. 2013 Mar;9(3):361–373. doi: 10.4161/auto.23066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaman S, Lippman SI, Zhao X, et al. How Saccharomyces responds to nutrients. Ann Rev Genet. 2008;42(1):27–81. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turcotte B, Liang XB, Robert F, et al. Transcriptional regulation of nonfermentable carbon utilization in budding yeast. FEMS Yeast Res. 2010 Feb;10(1):2–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00555.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayikci Ö, Nielsen J, Bolotin-Fukuhara M. Glucose repression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res. 2015 Sep;15(6):fov068. doi: 10.1093/femsyr/fov068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo AY, Lau PW, Feliciano D, et al. AMPK and vacuole-associated Atg14p orchestrate μ-lipophagy for energy production and long-term survival under glucose starvation. Elife. 2017 Apr 10;6. doi:10.7554/eLife.21690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang MJ, Martinez-Marquez JY, Prosser DC, et al. Glucose starvation inhibits autophagy via vacuolar hydrolysis and induces plasma membrane internalization by down-regulating recycling. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jun 13;289(24):16736–16747. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.525782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corral-Ramos C, Barrios R, Ayté J, et al. TOR and MAP kinase pathways synergistically regulate autophagy in response to nutrient depletion in fission yeast. Autophagy. 2022 Feb;18(2):375–390. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1935522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku M, Maeda Y, Kagohashi Y, et al. Evidence for ESCRT- and clathrin-dependent microautophagy. J Cell Bio. 2017 Oct 2;216(10):3263–3274. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201611029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson JR, Schweizer M, editors. The metabolism and molecular physiology of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New York: Taylor & Francis; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Rahman MA, Nazarko TY. Nitrogen starvation and stationary phase lipophagy have distinct molecular mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Nov 29;21(23):9094. doi: 10.3390/ijms21239094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Shroff A, Nazarko TY. Komagataella phaffii Cue5 piggybacks on lipid droplets for its vacuolar degradation during stationary phase lipophagy. Cells. 2022 Jan 10;11(2):215. doi: 10.3390/cells11020215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamashita S, Yurimoto H, Murakami D, et al. Lag-phase autophagy in the methylotrophic yeast pichia pastoris. Genes Cells. 2009 Jul;14(7):861–870. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01316.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashe MP, De Long SK, Sachs AB, et al. Glucose depletion rapidly inhibits translation initiation in yeast. Mol Biol Cell. 2000 Mar;11(3):833–848. doi: 10.1091/mbc.11.3.833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoh QL, Hung CW, Duncan MC, et al. Energy metabolism regulates clathrin adaptors at the trans-Golgi network and endosomes. Mol Biol Cell. 2013 Mar;24(6):832–847. doi: 10.1091/mbc.e12-10-0750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaeli S, Honig A, Levanony H, et al. Arabidopsis ATG8-INTERACTING PROTEIN1 is involved in autophagy-dependent vesicular trafficking of plastid proteins to the vacuole. Plant Cell. 2014 Oct;26(10):4084–4101. doi: 10.1105/tpc.114.129999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honig A, Avin-Wittenberg T, Ufaz S, et al. A new type of compartment, defined by plant-specific Atg8-interacting proteins, is induced upon exposure of Arabidopsis plants to carbon starvation. Plant Cell. 2012 Jan;24(1):288–303. doi: 10.1105/tpc.111.093112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao W, Li Y, Chen Y, et al. Mec1 regulates PAS recruitment of Atg13 via direct binding with Atg13 during glucose starvation-induced autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Jan 3;120(1):e2215126120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2215126120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu C, Yao W, Kai W, et al. Mitochondrial fusion machinery specifically involved in energy deprivation-induced autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8:221. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatano T, Morigasaki S, Tatebe H, et al. Fission yeast Ryh1 GTPase activates TOR complex 2 in response to glucose. Cell Cycle. 2015;14(6):848–856. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2014.1000215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurokawa Y, Konishi R, Yoshida A, et al. Microautophagy in the yeast vacuole depends on the activities of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, Stt4p and Pik1p. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr. 2020 Nov 1;1862(11):183416. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toulmay A, Prinz WA. Direct imaging reveals stable, micrometer-scale lipid domains that segregate proteins in live cells. J Cell Bio. 2013 Jul 8;202(1):35–44. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201301039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang A, Meng Y, Li Q, et al. The endosomal sorting complex required for transport complex negatively regulates Erg6 degradation under specific glucose restriction conditions. Traffic. 2020 Jul;21(7):488–502. doi: 10.1111/tra.12732
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Chen Y. AMPK and autophagy. In: Qin Z-H, editor. Autophagy: biology and diseases: basic Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019. pp. 85–108. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_4
   Google Scholar
• Mihaylova MM, Shaw RJ. The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth, autophagy and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Sep 2;13(9):1016–1023. doi: 10.1038/ncb2329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salt IP, Johnson G, Ashcroft SJ, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase is activated by low glucose in cell lines derived from pancreatic beta cells, and may regulate insulin release. Biochem J. 1998 Nov 1;335(Pt 3):533–9. doi: 10.1042/bj3350533
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oakhill JS, Chen ZP, Scott JW, et al. β-Subunit myristoylation is the gatekeeper for initiating metabolic stress sensing by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Nov 9;107(45):19237–19241. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009705107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang CS, Hawley SA, Zong Y, et al. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and aldolase mediate glucose sensing by AMPK. Nature. 2017 Aug 3;548(7665):112–116. doi: 10.1038/nature23275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwinn DM, Shackelford DB, Egan DF, et al. AMPK phosphorylation of raptor mediates a metabolic checkpoint. Mol Cell. 2008 Apr 25;30(2):214–226. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2008.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoki K, Li Y, Xu T, et al. Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling. Genes Dev. 2003 Aug 1;17(15):1829–1834. doi: 10.1101/gad.1110003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoki K, Zhu T, Guan KL. TSC2 mediates cellular energy response to control cell growth and survival. Cell. 2003 Nov 26;115(5):577–590. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00929-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MN, Ha SH, Kim J, et al. Glycolytic flux signals to mTOR through glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-mediated regulation of Rheb. Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jul;29(14):3991–4001. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00165-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng M, Wang YH, Wu XN, et al. Inactivation of Rheb by PRAK-mediated phosphorylation is essential for energy-depletion-induced suppression of mTORC1. Nat Cell Biol. 2011 Mar;13(3):263–272. doi: 10.1038/ncb2168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efeyan A, Zoncu R, Chang S, et al. Regulation of mTORC1 by the Rag GTPases is necessary for neonatal autophagy and survival. Nature. 2013 Jan 31;493(7434):679–683. doi: 10.1038/nature11745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson TR, Laplante M, Thoreen CC, et al. DEPTOR is an mTOR inhibitor frequently overexpressed in multiple myeloma cells and required for their survival. Cell. 2009 May 29;137(5):873–886. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Xiong X, Sun Y. DEPTOR, an mTOR inhibitor, is a physiological substrate of SCF(βTrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase and regulates survival and autophagy. Mol Cell. 2011 Oct 21;44(2):304–316. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.08.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DJ, Tan-Sah VP, Ding EY, et al. Hexokinase-II positively regulates glucose starvation-induced autophagy through TORC1 inhibition. Mol Cell. 2014 Feb 20;53(4):521–533. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng CH, Yu K, Lucas J, et al. Ammonia derived from glutaminolysis is a diffusible regulator of autophagy. Sci Signal. 2010 Apr 27;3(119):ra31. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2000911
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicinanza M, Korolchuk VI, Ashkenazi A, et al. PI(5)P regulates autophagosome biogenesis. Mol Cell. 2015 Jan 22;57(2):219–234. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson HE, de Lartigue J, Rigden DJ, et al. Mammalian Atg18 (WIPI2) localizes to omegasome-anchored phagophores and positively regulates LC3 lipidation. Autophagy. 2010 May;6(4):506–522. doi: 10.4161/auto.6.4.11863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren C, Liu J, Gong Q. Functions of autophagy in plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Front Plant Sci. 2014;5:301. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo WL, Tohge T, Ishizaki K, et al. Protein degradation - an alternative respiratory substrate for stressed plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2011 Sep;16(9):489–498. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.05.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AR, Doelling JH, Suttangkakul A, et al. Autophagic nutrient recycling in Arabidopsis directed by the ATG8 and ATG12 conjugation pathways. Plant Physiol. 2005 Aug;138(4):2097–2110. doi: 10.1104/pp.105.060673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Y, Contento AL, Bassham DC. AtATG18a is required for the formation of autophagosomes during nutrient stress and senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2005 May;42(4):535–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2005.02397.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips AR, Suttangkakul A, Vierstra RD. The ATG12-conjugating enzyme ATG10 is essential for autophagic vesicle formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics. 2008 Mar;178(3):1339–1353. doi: 10.1534/genetics.107.086199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang C, Shen W, Yang L, et al. HY5-HDA9 module transcriptionally regulates Plant autophagy in response to light-to-dark conversion and nitrogen starvation. Mol Plant. 2020 Mar 2;13(3):515–531. doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Michaeli S, Picchianti L, et al. ATI1 (ATG8-interacting protein 1) and ATI2 define a plant starvation-induced reticulophagy pathway and serve as MSBP1/MAPR5 cargo receptors. Autophagy. 2021 Nov;17(11):3375–3388. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1872886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gou M, Ran X, Martin DW, et al. The scaffold proteins of lignin biosynthetic cytochrome P450 enzymes. Nat Plants. 2018 May;4(5):299–310. doi: 10.1038/s41477-018-0142-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi M, Nakamura S, Li N. Autophagic turnover of chloroplasts: its roles and regulatory mechanisms in response to sugar starvation. Front Plant Sci. 2019;10:280. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida H, Wada S. Autophagy of whole and partial chloroplasts in individually darkened leaves: a unique system in plants? Autophagy. 2009 Jul;5(5):736–737. doi: 10.4161/auto.5.5.8568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izumi M, Hidema J, Wada S, et al. Establishment of monitoring methods for autophagy in rice reveals autophagic recycling of chloroplasts and root plastids during energy limitation. Plant Physiol. 2015 Apr;167(4):1307–1320. doi: 10.1104/pp.114.254078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Üstün S, Hafrén A, Hofius D. Autophagy as a mediator of life and death in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2017 Dec;40:122–130. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.08.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teper-Bamnolker P, Danieli R, Peled-Zehavi H, et al. Vacuolar processing enzyme translocates to the vacuole through the autophagy pathway to induce programmed cell death. Autophagy. 2021 Oct;17(10):3109–3123. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1856492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roa-Mansergas X, Fadó R, Atari M, et al. CPT1C promotes human mesenchymal stem cells survival under glucose deprivation through the modulation of autophagy. Sci Rep. 2018 May 3;8(1):6997. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25485-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaushik S, Cuervo AM. Degradation of lipid droplet-associated proteins by chaperone-mediated autophagy facilitates lipolysis. Nat Cell Biol. 2015 Jun;17(6):759–770. doi: 10.1038/ncb3166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi A, Kume S, Kondo M, et al. Mammalian autophagy is essential for hepatic and renal ketogenesis during starvation. Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 6;6(1):18944. doi: 10.1038/srep18944
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Y, Chao X, Yang L, et al. Impaired fasting-induced adaptive lipid droplet Biogenesis in liver-specific Atg5-deficient mouse liver is mediated by persistent nuclear factor-like 2 activation. Am J Pathol. 2018 Aug;188(8):1833–1846. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelley HJ, Bassett JM, Milner RD. Control of carbohydrate metabolism in the fetus and newborn. Br Med Bull. 1975 Jan;31(1):37–43. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotoulas OB, Kalamidas SA, Kondomerkos DJ. Glycogen autophagy in glucose homeostasis. Pathol Res Pract. 2006;202(9):631–638. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2006.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiaffino S, Hanzlíková V. Autophagic degradation of glycogen in skeletal muscles of the newborn rat. J Cell Bio. 1972 Jan;52(1):41–51. doi: 10.1083/jcb.52.1.41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushik S, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Arias E, et al. Autophagy in hypothalamic AgRP neurons regulates food intake and energy balance. Cell Metab. 2011 Aug 3;14(2):173–183. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2011.06.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh TS, Cho H, Cho JH, et al. Hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy increases food intake by regulating NPY and POMC expression. Autophagy. 2016 Nov;12(11):2009–2025. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1215382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He C, Bassik MC, Moresi V, et al. Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature. 2012 Jan 18;481(7382):511–515. doi: 10.1038/nature10758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Nguyen PT, Wang X, et al. TLR9 and beclin 1 crosstalk regulates muscle AMPK activation in exercise. Nature. 2020 Feb;578(7796):605–609. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1992-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pietrocola F, Pol J, Vacchelli E, et al. Caloric restriction mimetics enhance anticancer immunosurveillance. Cancer Cell. 2016 Jul 11;30(1):147–160. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins I, Wang Y, Michaud M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ATP secretion during immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2014 Jan;21(1):79–91. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2013.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizushima N. Autophagy: process and function. Genes Dev. 2007 Nov 15;21(22):2861–2873. doi: 10.1101/gad.1599207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 2008 Jan 11;132(1):27–42. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Shao BZ, Deng Z, et al. Autophagy in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol. 2018 Apr-May;163-164:98–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajoolabady A, Wang S, Kroemer G, et al. Targeting autophagy in ischemic stroke: from molecular mechanisms to clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Sep;225:107848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Guan YF, Du H, et al. Induction of autophagy contributes to the neuroprotection of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase in cerebral ischemia. Autophagy. 2012 Jan;8(1):77–87. doi: 10.4161/auto.8.1.18274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Xue X, Zhang H, et al. Neuronal-targeted TFEB rescues dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and alleviates ischemic injury in permanent cerebral ischemia. Autophagy. 2019 Mar;15(3):493–509. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1531196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu ZQ, Zhang JJ, Kong N, et al. Autophagy is involved in neuroprotective effect of Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on ischemic stroke. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:676589. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.676589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rami A, Kögel D. Apoptosis meets autophagy-like cell death in the ischemic penumbra: Two sides of the same coin? Autophagy. 2008 May;4(4):422–426. doi: 10.4161/auto.5778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JF, Mei ZG, Fu Y, et al. Puerarin protects rat brain against ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway. Neural Regen Res. 2018 Jun;13(6):989–998. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.233441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Yan H, Yuan Y, et al. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion-induced autophagy protects against neuronal injury by mitochondrial clearance. Autophagy. 2013 Sep;9(9):1321–1333. doi: 10.4161/auto.25132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin AP, Liu CF, Qin YY, et al. Autophagy was activated in injured astrocytes and mildly decreased cell survival following glucose and oxygen deprivation and focal cerebral ischemia. Autophagy. 2010 Aug;6(6):738–753. doi: 10.4161/auto.6.6.12573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pei X, Li Y, Zhu L, et al. Astrocyte-derived exosomes transfer miR-190b to inhibit oxygen and glucose deprivation-induced autophagy and neuronal apoptosis. Cell Cycle. 2020 Apr;19(8):906–917. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1731649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aisa Z, Liao GC, Shen XL, et al. Effect of autophagy on myocardial infarction and its mechanism. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Aug;21(16):3705–3713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamori H, Takemura G, Goto K, et al. Autophagy limits acute myocardial infarction induced by permanent coronary artery occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Jun;300(6):H2261–71. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01056.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan L, Vatner DE, Kim SJ, et al. Autophagy in chronically ischemic myocardium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 27;102(39):13807–13812. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0506843102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X, Momen A, Wu J, et al. p27 protein protects metabolically stressed cardiomyocytes from apoptosis by promoting autophagy. J Biol Chem. 2014 Jun 13;289(24):16924–16935. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.542795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsui Y, Takagi H, Qu X, et al. Distinct roles of autophagy in the heart during ischemia and reperfusion: roles of AMP-activated protein kinase and Beclin 1 in mediating autophagy. Circ Res. 2007 Mar 30;100(6):914–922. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000261924.76669.36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciarretta S, Zhai P, Shao D, et al. Rheb is a critical regulator of autophagy during myocardial ischemia: pathophysiological implications in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Circulation. 2012 Mar 6;125(9):1134–1146. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.078212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengupta A, Molkentin JD, Yutzey KE. FoxO transcription factors promote autophagy in cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 9;284(41):28319–28331. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.024406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troncoso R, Vicencio JM, Parra V, et al. Energy-preserving effects of IGF-1 antagonize starvation-induced cardiac autophagy. Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Feb 1;93(2):320–329. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvr321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aki T, Yamaguchi K, Fujimiya T, et al. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase accelerates autophagic cell death during glucose deprivation in the rat cardiomyocyte-derived cell line H9c2. Oncogene. 2003 Nov 20;22(52):8529–8535. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriel J, Loos B. The good, the bad and the autophagosome: exploring unanswered questions of autophagy-dependent cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2019 Mar;26(4):640–652. doi: 10.1038/s41418-018-0267-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011 Mar 4;144(5):646–674. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PP, Sabatini DM. Cancer cell metabolism: warburg and beyond. Cell. 2008 Sep 5;134(5):703–707. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith J, Levine B, Debnath J. Autophagy and cancer metabolism. Methods Enzymol. 2014;542:25–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X, Yu W, Qian X, et al. Nucleus-Translocated ACSS2 promotes gene transcription for lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Mol Cell. 2017 Jun 1;66(5):684–697.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.04.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker A, Singh A, Tully E, et al. Nrf2 signaling and autophagy are complementary in protecting breast cancer cells during glucose deprivation. Free Radic Biol Med. 2018 May 20;120:407–413. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng Q, Xu J, Liang C, et al. GPx1 is involved in the induction of protective autophagy in pancreatic cancer cells in response to glucose deprivation. Cell Death Dis. 2018 Dec 11;9(12):1187. doi: 10.1038/s41419-018-1244-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gretzmeier C, Eiselein S, Johnson GR, et al. Degradation of protein translation machinery by amino acid starvation-induced macroautophagy. Autophagy. 2017 Jun 3;13(6):1064–1075. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1274485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar