Racial diversity and inclusive representation in urban public child welfare

References

• Abramovitz, M., & Blitz, L. V. (2015). Moving toward racial equity: The undoing racism workshop and organizational change. Race and Social Problems, 7(2), 97–110. doi:10.1007/s12552-015-9147-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attell, B. K., Kummerow Brown, K., & Treiber, L. A. (2017). Workplace bullying, perceived job stressors, and psychological distress: Gender and race differences in the stress process. Social Science Research, 65, 210–221. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach, C., McGowan, B. G., Augsberger, A., Strolin-Goltzman, J., & Schudrich, W. (2010). Differential factors influencing public and voluntary child welfare workers’ intention to leave. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(10), 1396–1402. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach, C., Zeitlin, W., Augsberger, A., McGowan, B. G., Claiborne, N., & Lawrence, C. K. (2015). Societal factors impacting child welfare: Validating the perceptions of child welfare scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 25(3), 305-312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltes, B. B., Zhdanova, L. S., & Parker, C. P. (2009). Psychological climate: A comparison of organizational and individual level referents. Human Relations, 62(5), 669. doi:10.1177/0018726709103454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, M., Michàl, E., & Levin, A. (2002). Outside of the corporate mainstream and excluded from the work community: A study of diversity, job satisfaction and well-being. Community, Work & Family, 5(2), 133–157. doi:10.1080/13668800220146346
   Google Scholar
• Barak, M., Michàlle, E., Levin, A., Nissly, J. A., & Lane, C. J. (2006). Why do they leave? Modeling child welfare workers’ turnover intentions. Children and Youth Services Review, 28(5), 548–577. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2005.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, M., Michàlle, E., Lizano, E. L., Kim, A., Duan, L., Rhee, M.-K., … Brimhall, K. C. (2016). The promise of diversity management for climate of inclusion: A state-of-the-art review and meta-analysis. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance, 40(4), 305–333. doi:10.1080/23303131.2016.1138915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak, M., Michalle, E., Travis, D. J., Pyun, H., & Xie, B. (2009). The impact of supervision on worker outcomes: A meta analysis. Social Service Review, 83(1), 3–32. doi:10.1086/599028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, R. (2004). Child welfare and race: Models of disproportionality. In D. Derezotes, J. Poertner, & M. Testa (Eds.), Race matters in child welfare: The overrepresentation of African American children in the system (pp. 25–46). Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman, M. E., Palmieri, P. A., Drasgow, F., & Ormerod, A. J. (2012). Racial/ethnic harassment and discrimination, its antecedents, and its effect on job-related outcomes. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(1), 65–78. doi:10.1037/a0026430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blitz, L. V., & Kohl, B. G. (2012). Addressing racism in the organization: The role of white racial affinity groups in creating change. Administration in Social Work, 36(5), 479–498. doi:10.1080/03643107.2011.624261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyas, J., & Wind, L. H. (2010). Employment-based social capital, job stress, and employee burnout: A public child welfare employee structural model. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(3), 380–388. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyas, J., Wind, L. H., & Kang, S. Y. (2012). Exploring the relationship between employment-based social capital, job stress, burnout, and intent to leave among child protection workers: An age-based path analysis model. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 50–62. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.08.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimhall, K. C., Lizano, E. L., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2014). The mediating role of inclusion: A longitudinal study of the effects of leader–Member exchange and diversity climate on job satisfaction and intention to leave among child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 40, 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brimhall, K. C., Mor Barak, M. E., Hurlburt, M., Palinkas, L., Henwood, B., & McArdle, J. J. (2017). Increasing workplace inclusion: The promise of leader-member exchange. Human Service Organizations Management, Leadership and Governance, 41(3), 222–239. doi:10.1080/23303131.2016.1251522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buttner, E. H., Lowe, K. B., & Billings-Harris, L. (2012). An empirical test of diversity celimate dimensionality and relative effects on employee of color outcomes. Journal of Business Ethics, 110(3), 247. doi:10.1007/s10551-011-1179-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for the Study of Social Policy. (2017). Institutional analysis. Retrieved from https://www.cssp.org/reform/child-welfare/institutional-analysis
   Google Scholar
• Chenot, D., Boutakidis, I., & Benton, A. D. (2014). Equity and fairness perceptions in the child welfare workforce. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 400–406. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S. (2017). Workforce diversity and job satisfaction of the majority and the minority: Analyzing the asymmetrical effects of relational demography on whites and racial/ethnic minorities. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 37(1), 84–107. doi:10.1177/0734371X15623617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claiborne, N., Auerbach, C., Lawrence, C., McGowan, B., Lawson, H., McCarthy, M., … Caringi, J. (2014). Design teams as an organizational intervention to improve job satisfaction and worker turnover in public child welfare. Journal of Family Strengths, 14(1). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/jfs/vol14/iss1/12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crockett, S., & Hays, D. G. (2015). The influence of supervisor multicultural competence on the supervisory working alliance, supervisee counseling self-efficacy, and supervisee satisfaction with supervision: A mediation model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 54(4), 258–273. doi:10.1002/ceas.12025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte, C., & Summers, A. (2013). A three-pronged approach to addressing racial disproportionality and disparities in child welfare: The Santa Clara County example of leadership, collaboration and data-driven decisions. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 30(1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10560-012-0279-8
   Google Scholar
• Faller, K. C., Grabarek, M., & Ortega, R. M. (2010). Commitment to child welfare work: What predicts leaving and staying? Children and Youth Services Review, 32(6), 840–846. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez, J. A. (2010). Diversity change in organizations: A systemic, multilevel, and nonlinear process. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 46(2), 197–219. doi:10.1177/0021886310367943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosine, K., & Pon, G. (2011). On the front lines: The voices and experiences of racialized child welfare workers in Toronto, Canada. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 22(2), 135–159. doi:10.1080/10428232.2011.599280
   Google Scholar
• Greenhaus, J. H., Parasuraman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effects of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluations, and career outcomes. The Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, A., Royse, D., Culver, K., Piescher, K., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Who stays, who goes, who knows? A state-wide survey of child welfare workers. Children & Youth Services Review, 77, 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissom, J. A., & Keiser, L. R. (2011). A supervisor like me: Race, representation, and the satisfaction and turnover decisions of public sector employees: Race, representation, and the satisfaction and turnover decisions of public sector employees. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 30(3), 557–580. doi:10.1002/pam.20579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, F., & Tator, C. (2006). The colour of democracy: Racism in Canadian society. Toronto, ON: Nelson Thomson Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hersch, J., & Xiao, J. (2016). Sex, race, and job satisfaction among highly educated workers. Southern Economic Journal, 1(1). doi:10.1002/soej.12133
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R. B. (2006). Synthesis of research on disproportionality in child welfare: An update (p. 60). Retrieved from Casey-CSSP Alliance for Racial Equity in the Child Welfare System website: https://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-CFS-SynthesisOfResearchOnDisproportionalityInChildWelfareAnUpdate-2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jacquet, S. E. (2012). Successful student recruitment for public child welfare: Results from california’s title IV-E MSW stipend program evaluation. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 6(4), 405–424. doi:10.1080/15548732.2012.707573
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, L. M., Antle, B. F., & Barbee, A. P. (2009). Addressing disproportionality and disparity in child welfare: Evaluation of an anti-racism training for community service providers. Children and Youth Services Review, 31(6), 688–696. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. (2011). Job conditions, Unmet Expectations, and Burnout in Public Child Welfare Workers: How Different from Other Social Workers? Children and Youth Services Review, 33(2), 358-367.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Kao, D. (2014). A meta-analysis of turnover intention predictors among U.S. child welfare workers. Children and Youth Services Review, 47, 214–223. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen, T. S., Borritz, M., Villadsen, E., & Christensen, K. B. (2005). The Copenhagen burnout inventory: A new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work & Stress, 19(3), 192–207. doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leake, R., de Guzman, A., Rienks, S., Archer, G., & Potter, C. (2015). NCWWI traineeships: A national cross-site evaluation of child welfare stipend programs for ethnically diverse students. Journal of Social Work Education, 51(sup2), 299. doi:10.1080/10437797.2015.1072419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard, J. S., & Levine, D. I. (2006). The effect of diversity on turnover: A large case study. ILR Review, 59(4), 547. doi:10.1177/001979390605900402
   Google Scholar
• Madera, J. M., King, E. B., & Hebl, M. R. (2012). Bringing social identity to work: The influence of manifestation and suppression on perceived discrimination, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), 165–170. doi:10.1037/a0027724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannix, E., & Neale, M. A. (2005). What differences make a difference? The promise and reality of diverse teams in organizations. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 6(2), 31. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2005.00022.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin, M., & Connelly, D. D., & Center for the Study of Social Policy. (2015). Achieving racial equity: Child welfare policy strategies to improve outcomes for children of color. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.cssp.org
   Google Scholar
• Mckay, P. F., Lubar, S. B., Business, S., Avery, D. R., Tonidandel, S., Morris, M. A., … Hebl, M. R. (2007). Racial differences in employee retention: Are diversity climate perceptions the key. Personnel Psychology, 35–62. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00064.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor Barak, M. E. (1999). Beyond affirmative action. Administration in Social Work, 23(3–4), 47–68. doi:10.1300/J147v23n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Mor Barak, M. E. (2015). Inclusion is the key to diversity management, but what is inclusion? Human Service Organizations Management, Leadership & Governance, 39(2), 83–88. doi:10.1080/23303131.2015.1035599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor Barak, M. E., Nissly, J. A., & Levin, A. (2001). Antecedents to retention and turnover among child welfare, social work, and other human service employees: What can we learn from past research? A review and metanalysis. Social Service Review, 75(4), 625–661. doi:10.1086/323166
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Child Welfare Workforce Institute. (2019). Workforce development framework (wdf). Albany, NY: University at Albany.
   Google Scholar
• Nylund, D. (2006). Critical multiculturalism, whiteness, and social work: Towards a more radical view of cultural competence. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 17(2), 27–42. doi:10.1300/J059v17n02-03
   Google Scholar
• Pryce, J., Lee, W., Crowe, E., Park, D., McCarthy, M., & Owens, G. (2018). A case study in public child welfare: County-level practices that address racial disparity in foster care placement. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 13(1), 35–59. doi:10.1080/15548732.2018.1467354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schudrich, W., Auerbach, C., Liu, J., Fernandes, G., & McGowan, B. G. (2012). Factors impacting intention to leave in social workers and child care workers employed at voluntary agencies. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 84–90. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seck, E. T., Finch, W. A., Jr, Mor-Barak, M., & Poverny, L. M. (1993). Managing a diverse workforce. Administration in Social Work, 17(2), 67–79. doi:10.1300/J147v17n02_05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Social Work Policy Institute. (2014). Achieving racial equity: Calling the social work profession to action (pp. 40). Washington, D.C: National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Spector, P. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the job satisfaction survey. American Journal of Community Psychology, 13(6), 693–713. doi:10.1007/BF00929796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strolin, J. S., McCarthy, M., & Caringi, J. (2007). Causes and effects of child welfare workforce turnover: Current state of knowledge and future directions. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 1(2), 29–52. doi:10.1300/J479v01n02_03
   Google Scholar
• The Aspen Institute: Roundtable on Community Change. (2013). Ten lessons for taking leadership on racial equity. Retrieved from The Aspen Institute website: https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/ten-lessons-taking-leadership-racial-equity/
   Google Scholar
• Thomas-Breitfeld, S., & Kunreuther, F. (2017). Race to lead: Confronting the nonprofit racial leadership gap. Retrieved from Building Movement Project website: https://www.buildingmovement.org/pdf/RacetoLead_NonprofitRacialLeadershipGap.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Travis, D. J., Lizano, E. L., & Mor Barak, M. E. (2016). “I’m so stressed!”: A longitudinal model of stress, burnout and engagement among social workers in child welfare settings. British Journal of Social Work, 46(4), 1076–1095. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield-Harris, L., & Lockhart, J. S. (2016). The workplace environment for African-American faculty employed in predominately white institutions. ABNF Journal, 27(2), 28–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilke, D. J., Radey, M., King, E., Spinelli, C., Rakes, S., & Nolan, C. R. (2018). A multi-level conceptual model to examine child welfare worker turnover and retention decisions. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 12(2), 204–231. doi:10.1080/15548732.2017.1373722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulczyn, F., Gibbons, R., Snowden, L., & Lery, B. (2013). Poverty, social disadvantage, and the black/white placement gap. Children and Youth Services Review, 35, 65–74. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue, Y. (2015). Racial and ethnic minority nurses’ job satisfaction in the U.S. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(1), 280–287. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yee, J. Y., Wong, H., & Janczur, A., & Department of Canadian Heritage. (2006). Examining systemic and individual barriers experienced by visible minority social workers in mainstream social service agencies. Retrieved from http://accessalliance.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/SWLiteratureReviewReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zeitlin, W., Claiborne, N., Lawrence, C. K., & Auerbach, C. (2016). Validating the psychological climate scale in voluntary child welfare. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(2), 203-211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar