what visual journalists think others think The perceived impact of news photographs on public opinion formation

References

• Al-Zahrani , A. A. 1988 . US television and press coverage of Islam and Muslims. Doctoral dissertation, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK. . Dissertation Abstracts International , 50–06 : 1468A
   Google Scholar
• Altheide , D. L. 1987 . Format and symbols in TV coverage of terrorism in the United States and Great Britain. . International Studies Quarterly , 31 ( 2 ) : 161 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Muslim Poll 2001 (2001). Project MAPS/Zogby International. Retrieved from http://www.projectmaps.com/PMReport.htm
   Google Scholar
• Artwick , C. G. Television news images of the Oklahoma city bombing and the fear of terrorism. Paper presented to the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication . Anaheim, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Ayish, M. I. (2001, Spring/Summer). American-style journalism and Arab world television: An exploratory study of news selection at six Arab world satellite television channels. Transnational Broadcasting Studies. Retrieved from http://www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Spring01/Ayish.html
   Google Scholar
• Barnhurst , K. G. 1994 . Seeing the Newspaper. , New York : St Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , D. and Limor , Y. 2003 . Professional confidence and situational ethics: Assessing the social-professional dialectic in journalistic ethics decisions. . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 80 ( 4 ) : 783 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , R. and Colbert , J. Influencing creativity in newsrooms: A survey of newspaper, magazine and web designers. Paper presented at the annual conference for the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication . Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Comley, P. (2000). Pop-up surveys - What works, what doesn't work and what will work in the future. Retrieved from http://www.virtualsur-veys.com
   Google Scholar
• Davis , G. A. 1991 . “ Teaching creative thinking. ” . In Handbook of gifted education , Edited by: Colangelo , N. and Davis , G. A. 236 – 244 . Boston : Allyn & Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Davison , W. P. 1983 . The third-person effect in communication. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 47 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domke , D. 2001 . Racial cues and political ideology: An examination of associative priming. . Communication Research , 28 : 772 – 801 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domke , D. , Garland , P. , Billeaudeaux , A. and Hutcheson , J. 2003 . Insights into U.S. racial hierarchy: Racial profiling, news sources and September 11. . Journal of Communication , 53 ( 4 ) : 606 – 623 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domke , D. , Perlmutter , D. and Spratt , M. 2002 . The primes of our times? An examination of the ?power? of visual images. . Journalism , 3 ( 2 ) : 131 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. and Lester , P. M. 2001 . Ethics of patriotism: When is it OK to break the law? . News Photographer , 56 ( 11 ) : 10 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Entman , R. M. and Rojecki , A. 2000 . The black image in the white mind. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. Framing visual news: The 9/11 attack & the war in Afghanistan in English-language & Arabic-language newspapers. Paper presented at the ICA Annual Conference . New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. 2004b . Picturing Afghan women: A content analysis of AP wire photographs during the Taliban regime and after the fall of the Taliban regime. . Gazette , 66 ( 2 ) : 91 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. 2005 . Photojournalists' & photoeditors' attitudes and perceptions: The visual coverage of 9/11 & the Afghan War. . Visual Communication Quarterly , 12 ( 3&4 ) : 146 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. 2007 . “They took it down”: Exploring determinants of visual reporting in the toppling of the Saddam Hussein statue in national and international newspapers. . Mass Communication & Society , 10 ( 2 ) : 143 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. , Cho , S. , Wanta , W. and Song , Y. 2006 . Visual agenda-setting after 9–11: individuals' emotions, image recall and concern with terrorism. . Visual Communication Quarterly , 13 ( 1 ) : 4 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. and Johnson , T. 2005 . “How we performed”: Embedded journalists' attitudes & perceptions towards covering the Iraq War. . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 82 ( 2 ) : 301 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. and Johnson , T. 2007 . Show the truth and let the audience decide: A web-based survey showing support for use of graphic imagery among viewers of Al-Jazeera. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 51 ( 2 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmy , S. and Kim , D. Picturing the Iraq War: Constructing the image of war in British & U.S. media. Paper presented at the International Communication Association annual conference . Dresden, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Frank , A. G. 1992 . “ A Third-World War: A political economy of the Persian Gulf War and the New World Order. ” . In Triumph of the image: The media war in the Persian Gulf. A global perspective , Edited by: Mowlana , H. , Gerbner , G. and Schiller , H. I. 3 – 21 . San Fransisco : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fuller , T. 1996 . Video war in the Persian Gulf: Experimental effects of visuals on individual political opinion and feeling. Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston, 1996. . Dissertation Abstracts International , 57–05 : 2201A
   Google Scholar
• Gallop , G. Jr. and Gallop , A. 1999 . Attitudes toward racial profiling by police. . Gallop Poll Monthly , 411 : 23
   Google Scholar
• Garcia , M. and Stark , P. 1991 . Eyes on the news. , St Petersburg, FL : Poynter Institute for Media Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Griffin , M. and Lee , J. 1995 . Picturing the Gulf War: Constructing and image of war in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report. . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 72 ( 4 ) : 813 – 825 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hachten , W. A. and Hachten , H. 1999 . The world news prism: Changing media of international communication , 5th ed. Ames, IO : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hackett , R. 1984 . Decline of a paradigm? Bias and objectivity in News Media Studies. . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 1 : 91 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Huddy , L. , Feldman , S. , Lahav , G. and Taber , C. 2003 . “ Fear and terrorism: Psychological reactions to 9/11. ” . In Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public. , Edited by: Norris , P. N. , Kern , M. and Just , M. 255 – 278 . New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Huddy , L. , Khatib , N. and Capelos , T. 2002 . The Polls trends: Reactions to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 66 : 418 – 450 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar , S. and Kinder , D. R. 1987 . News that matters. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , N. B. 1996 . “ Arab American: Middle East conflicts hit home. ” . In Images that injure: Pictorial stereotypes in the media. , Edited by: Lester , P. M. 63 – 66 . Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , T. and Wanta , W. 1993 . Newspaper competition and message diversity in an urban market. . Mass Communication Review , 20 : 45 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Kern , M. , Just , M. and Norris , P. 2003 . “ The lessons of framing terrorism. ” . In Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public. , Edited by: Norris , P. N. , Kern , M. and Just , M. 281 – 302 . New York : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• King , C. and Lester , P. M. 2005 . Photographic coverage during the Persian Gulf and Iraqi Wars in three U.S. newspapers. . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. , 82 ( 4 ) : 623 – 637 .
   Google Scholar
• Krauthammer , C. 2002, March 18 . The case for profiling. . Time , 159 : 104
   Google Scholar
• Larson , J. F. 1986 . Television and U.S. foreign policy: The case of Iran hostage crisis. . Journal of Communication , 36 ( 4 ) : 108 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Major , L. and Perlmutter , D. 2005 . The Fall of a pseudo-Icon: The toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue as image management. . Visual Communication Quarterly , 1&2 ( 12 ) : 38 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Markham , J. W. 1961 . Foreign news in the United States and South American press. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 25 ( 4 ) : 248 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCombs , M. 1987 . Effect of monopoly in Cleveland on diversity of newspaper content. . Journalism Quarterly , 64 : 740 – 744 & 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. and Abraham , L. 2001 . “ The convergence of agenda setting and framing. ” . In Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the publicraming public life. , Edited by: Reese , S. , Gandy , O. and Grant , A. 337 – 353 . Mahwah, N.J : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Nacos , B. L. and Torres-Reyna , O. 2003 . “ Framing Muslim-Americans before and after 9/11. ” . In Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public , Edited by: Norris , P. N. , Kern , M. and Just , M. 255 – 278 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. 1998 . TV news images that induce anger, fear and disgust: Effects on approach-avoidance and memory. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 42 ( 2 ) : 265 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newhagen , J. E. and Reeves , B. 1992 . The evening's bad news: Effects of compelling negative television news images on memory. . Journal of Communication , 42 ( 2 ) : 25 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , D. 1998 . The media and the Persian Gulf Warhotojournalism and foreign policy: Framing icons of outrage in international crisis. , Westport, CT : Greenwood .
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutter , D. 2003 . Wisdom we can teach from images of war. . Education Digest , 69 ( 2 ) : 20 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Prince , S. 1993 . “ Celluloid heroes and smart bombs: Hollywood at war in the Middle East. ” . In The media and the Persian Gulf War , Edited by: Denton , R. E. Jr. 235 – 256 . Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Public Wants Hussein Deposed, But Cautious About the Price. (2002). Public Agenda Special Edition: Terrorism. Retrieved from http://www.publicagenda.org/specials/terrorism/082102terror_pubopinion.htm
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum , B. 1978 . Style as social process. . American Sociological Review , 43 : 422 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Said , E. 1981 . Covering Islam. , New York : Pantheon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz , D. 1991 . To tell the truth: Codes of objectivity in photojournalism. . Communication , 13 : 95 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen , J. G. 2001 . Reel bad Arabs. , New York : Olive Branch Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker , P. J. and Reese , S. 1996 . Mediating the message: theories of influences on mass media content. , White Plains, NY : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Sloan , W. D. and Startt , J. D. 1996 . The media in America , 3rd Ed. Northport, AL : Vision Press .
   Google Scholar
• Valentino , N. A. 1999 . Crime news and the priming of racial attitudes during evaluations of the president. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 63 : 293 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , D. H. and Wilhoit , G. C. 1996 . The American journalist in the 1990s: U.S. news people at the end of an era. , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• White , D. M. 1950 . The ?gate keeper?: A case study in the selection of news. . Journalism Quarterly , 27 ( 3 ) : 383 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winfield , B. 1992 . Two commanders-in-chief: Free expression's most severe tests. Research Paper R-7. , Boston : The Joan Shorenstin Barone Center for Press, Politics, Public Policy, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government .
   Google Scholar