136
Views
101
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Bioindicators: Types, Development, and Use in Ecological Assessment and Research

Pages 22-39 | Published online: 23 Feb 2007

References

  • Aspinall , R and Pearson , D . 2000 . Integrated geographical assessment of environmental contamination in watch catchments: Linking landscape ecology, environmental modelling and GIS . J Environ Manage , 59 : 299 – 319 . [CSA]
  • Axelrod , R . 2004 . Nuclear power and EU enlargement: The case of Temelin . Environ Polit , 13 : 153 – 72 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Barnthouse , LW , Heimbuch , DG , Anthony , VC , Hilborn , RW and Myers , RA . 2002 . Indicators of AEI applied to the Delaware Estuary . Scient World J , 1 : 169 – 89 . [CSA]
  • Baumann , PC . 1992 . The use of tumors in wild populations of fish to assess ecosystem health . J Aquat Ecosyst Health , 1 : 135 – 46 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Becker , PH . 1989 . Seabirds as monitor organisms of contaminants along the German North Sea coast . Helgoland Meer , 24 : 395 – 403 . [CSA]
  • Beratan , KK , Kabala , SJ , Loveless , SM , Martin , PJ and Spyke , NP . 2004 . Sustainability indicators as a communicative tool: Building bridges in Pennsylvania . Environ Monit Assess , 94 : 179 – 91 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Berger , B and Dallinger , R . 1993 . Terrestrial snails as quantitative indicators of environmental metal pollution . Environ Monit Assess , 25 : 65 – 84 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Berny , P , Lachaux , O , Buronfosse , T , Mazallon , M and Gillet , C . 2002 . Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) as indicators of freshwater contamination with lindane . Environ Res , 90 : 142 – 51 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J . 1993 . Metals in avian feathers: Bioindicators of environmental pollution . Rev Environ Toxicol , 5 : 203 – 311 . [CSA]
  • Burger , J . 1997a . Method for and approaches to evaluating susceptibility of ecological systems to hazardous chemicals . Environ Health Persp , 105 : 843 – 8 . [CSA]
  • Burger , J . 1997b . “ The historical basis for ecological risk assessment ” . In Preventive strategies for living in a chemical world , 360 – 71 . New York , NY : New York Academy of Sciences .
  • Burger , J . 1999a . Environmental monitoring on Department of Energy lands: The need for a holistic plan . Strategic Environ Manage , 1 : 351 – 67 . [CSA]
  • Burger , J . 1999b . Animals in towns and cities , Dubuque , IA : Kendall-Hunt .
  • Burger , J . 2002 . Incorporating ecology and ecological risk into long-term stewardship on contaminated lands . Remed , 18 : 107 – 20 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J and Campbell , KR . 2004 . Species differences in contaminants in fish on and adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee . Environ Res , 96 : 145 – 55 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 1995 . Biomonitoring of heavy metals in the Pacific basin using avian feathers . Environ Tox Chem , 14 : 1233 – 9 . [CSA]
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 1996 . “ Ecological and human health risk assessment: A comparison ” . In Interconnections between human and ecosystem health , Edited by: DiGuillio , RT and Monosson , E . 127 – 48 . London , UK : Chapman & Hall .
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 2001a . On developing bioindicators for human and ecological health . Environ Monit Assess , 66 : 23 – 46 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 2001b . “ Effects of chemicals and pollution on seabirds ” . In Biology of Marine Birds , Edited by: Schreiber , EA and Burger , J . 485 – 525 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 2004a . Metal levels in eggs of common terns (Sterna hirundo) in New Jersey: Temporal trends from 1971 to 2002 . Environ Res , 94 : 336 – 43 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J and Gochfeld , M . 2004b . “ Bioindicators for assessing human and ecological health ” . In Environmental Monitoring , Edited by: Wiersma , GB . 541 – 66 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Burger , J , Pokras , M , Chafel , R and Gochfeld , M . 1994 . Heavy metal concentrations in feathers of Common Loons (Gavia immer) in the northeastern United States and age differences in mercury levels . Environ Monit Assess , 30 : 1 – 7 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Sanchez , J , Gibbons , JW , Benson , T , Ondrof , J , Ramos , R , McMahon , MJ , Gaines , K , Lord , C , Fulmer , M and Gochfeld , M . 1999 . Attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources and hazards of people living around the Savannah River site . Environ Monit Assess , 57 : 195 – 211 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Lord , CG , McGrath , L , Gaines , KF , Brisbin , IL Jr , Gochfeld , M and Yurkow , EJ . 2000 . Metals and metallothionein in the liver of raccoons: Utility for environmental assessment and monitoring . J Toxicol Environ Health , 60 : 243 – 61 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Gaines , KF , Boring , S , Stephens , WL Jr , Snodgrass , J and Gochfeld , M . 2001a . Mercury and selenium in fish from the Savannah River: Species, trophic level, and locational differences . Environ Res , 87 : 108 – 18 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Gaines , KF , Stephens , WL Jr , Boring , CS , Brisbin , IL Jr , Snodgrass , J , Peles , J , Bryan , L , Smith , MH and Gochfeld , M . 2001b . Radiocesium in fish from the Savannah River and Steel Creek: Potential food chain exposure to the public . Risk Anal , 21 : 545 – 59 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Gaines , KF and Gochfeld , M . 2001c . Ethnic differences in risk from mercury among Savannah River fishermen . Risk Anal , 21 : 533 – 44 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Burger , J , Gaines , KF , Lord , C , Shukla , C and Gochfeld , M . 2002 . Metal levels in raccoon tissues: Differences on and off the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site in South Carolina . Environ Monit Assess , 74 : 67 – 84 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Cairns , J Jr . 1990 . The genesis of biomonitoring in aquatic ecosystems . Environ Profess , 12 : 169 – 76 . [CSA]
  • Cairns , J Jr and Niederlehner , BR . 1992 . “ Predicting ecosystem risk: Genesis and future needs ” . In Predicting ecosystem risk , Edited by: Niederlehner , J Jr , Cairns , BR and Orvos , DR . 327 – 44 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton Scientific .
  • Cairns , J Jr and Niederlehner , BR . 1996 . Developing a field of landscape ecotoxicology . Ecol Applic , 6 : 780 – 96 . [CSA]
  • Cairns , J Jr , Niederlehner , BR and Orvos , DR . 1992 . Predicting Ecosystem Risk , Princeton , NJ : Princeton Scientific .
  • Campbell , KR , Dickey , RJ , Sexton , R and Burger , J . 2002 . Fishing along the Clinch River arm of Watts Bar Reservoir adjacent to the Oak Ridge Reservation, Tennessee: Behavior, knowledge and risk perception . Science Total Environ , 288 : 145 – 61 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Carignan , V and Villard , MA . 2001 . Selecting indicator species to monitor ecological integrity: A review . Environ Monit Assess , 78 : 45 – 61 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Chou , CL , Paon , LA , Moffatt , JD and King , T . 2003 . Selection of bioindicators for monitoring marine environmental quality in the Bay of Fundy, Atlantic Canada . Mar Poll Bull , 46 : 756 – 62 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Cifuentes , JM , Becker , PH , Sommer , H , Pacheco , P and Schlatter , R . 2003 . Seabird eggs as bioindicators of chemical contamination in Chile . Environ Poll , 126 : 123 – 37 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Cole , DC , Eyles , J and Gibson , BL . 1998 . Indicators of human health in ecosystems: What do we measure? . Sci Total Environ , 224 : 201 – 13 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Corsi , I , Mariottini , M , Sensini , C , Lancini , L and Focardi , S . 2003 . Fish as bioindicators of brackish ecosystem health: Integrating biomarker responses and target pollutant concentrations . Oceanolog Acta , 26 : 129 – 38 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Diaz-Balteiro , L and Romero , C . 2004 . Sustainability of forest management plans: A discrete goal programming approach . J Environ Manage , 71 : 351 – 9 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Environmental Protection Agency [EPA] . 1997 . Ecological indicators: Evaluation criteria , Washington , DC : Environmental Protection Agency .
  • Evers , DC . 2001 . Common loon population studies: Continental mercury patterns and breeding territory philopatry. [dissertation] , St. Paul , MN : University of Minnesota .
  • Evers , DC , Kaplan , JD , Meyer , MW , Reaman , PS , Braselton , WE , Major , A , Burgess , N and Scheuhammer , AM . 1998 . A geographic trend in mercury measured in common loon feather and blood . Environ Toxicol Chem , 17 : 173 – 83 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Evers , DC , Taylor , KM , Major , A , Taylor , RJ , Poppenga , RH and Scheuhammer , AM . 2003 . Common loon eggs as indicators of methylmercury availability in North America . Ecotoxicol , 12 : 69 – 81 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Fleming , LE , Watkins , S , Kaderman , R , Levin , B , Ayyar , DR , Bizzio , M , Stephens , D and Bean , JA . 1995 . Mercury exposure in humans through food consumption from the Everglades of Florida . Water Air Soil Poll , 80 : 41 – 8 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Fore , LS , Karr , JR and Wisseman , RW . 1996 . Assessing invertebrate responses to human activities: Evaluating alternative approaches . J N Am Benthol Soc , 15 : 212 – 31 . [CSA]
  • Fox , G , ed. 1994 . Bioindicators as a measure of success for virtual elimination of persistence toxic substances , Hull , Quebec : International Joint Comm .
  • Fox , GA . 2001 . Wildlife as sentinels of human health effects in the Great Lakes-St . Lawrence Basin. Environ Health Perspect , 109 : 853 – 61 . [CSA]
  • Fox , GA , Gilman , AP , Peakall , DB and Anderka , FW . 1978 . Behavioral abnormalities of nesting Lake Ontario herring gulls . J Wildl Manage , 42 : 477 – 83 . [CSA]
  • Fox , GA , Gilbertson , M , Gilman , AP and Kubiak , TJ. 1991 . A rationale for the use of colonial fish-eating birds to monitor the presence of developmental toxicants in Great Lakes fish . J Great Lakes Res , 17 : 151 – 2 . [CSA]
  • Gaines , KF , Lord , CG , Brisbin , IL Jr , Boring , CS , Gochfeld , M and Burger , J . 2000 . Radiocesium in Raccoons: Population differences and potential human risks . J Wildl Manage , 64 : 199 – 208 . [CSA]
  • Gauthier , DA and Wiken , EB . 2003 . Monitoring the conservation of grassland habitats, Prairie Ecozone, Canada . Environ Monit Assess , 1 ( 3 ) : 343 – 64 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Gilbertson , M , Kubiak , T , Ludwig , J and Fox , G . 1991 . Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema and deformities syndrome (CLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: Similarity to chick edema disease . J Toxicol Environ Health , 33 : 455 – 520 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Goldberg , ED and Bertine , KK . 2000 . Beyond the mussel watch - new directions for monitoring marine pollution . Sci Total Environ , 247 : 165 – 74 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Golden , NH and Rattner , BA . 2003 . Ranking terrestrial vertebrate species for utility in biomonitoring and vulnerability to environmental contaminants . Rev Environ Contam Toxicol , 176 : 67 – 136 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Hart , M . 1999 . Guide to sustainable community indicators North Andover , MA
  • Harwell , MA and Kelly , JR . 1990 . Indicators of ecosystem recovery . Environ Manage , 14 : 527 – 45 . [CSA]
  • Holl , KD and Cairns , J Jr . 1995 . “ Landscape indicators in ecotoxicology ” . In Handbook of ecotoxicology , Edited by: Hoffman , DJ , Rattner , BA , Beigton , GA Jr and Cairns , J Jr . 185 – 97 . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
  • Hunsaker , C , Carpenter , D and Messer , J . 1990 . Ecological indicators for regional monitoring . Bull Ecol Soc Amer , 71 : 165 – 72 . [CSA]
  • Iliopoulou-Georgudaki , J , Kantzaris , V , Katharios , P , Kaspiris , P , Georgiadis , T and Montesantou , B . 2003 . An application of different bioindicators for assessing water quality: A case study in the rivers Alfeios and Pineios (Peloponnisos, Greece) . Ecol Indicators , 2 : 345 – 60 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Izquierdo , JI , Machado , G , Ayllon , F , d'Amico , VL , Bala , LO , Vallarino , E , Elias , R and Garcia-Vazquez , E . 2003 . Assessing pollution in coastal ecosystems: A preliminary survey using the micronucleus test in the mussel Mytilus edulis . Ecotoxicol Environ Safety , 55 : 24 – 9 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Kushlan , JA . 1993 . Colonial waterbirds as bioindicators of environmental change . Colon Waterbird , 16 : 223 – 51 . [CSA]
  • Linthurst , RA , Bourdeau , P and Tardiff , RG . 1995 . Methods to assess the effects of chemicals on ecosystems , Chichester , , UK : Wiley and Sons .
  • Madejon , P , Maranon , T , Murillo , JM and Robinson , B . 2004 . White Poplar (Populus alba) as a biomonitor of trace elements in contaminated riparian forest . Environ Poll , 132 : 145 – 55 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Manning , WJ , Godzik , B and Musselman , R . 2002 . Potential bioindicator plant species for ambient ozone in forested mountain areas of central Europe . Environ Poll , 119 : 283 – 90 . [CSA]
  • Manning , WJ and Godzik , B . 2004 . Bioindicator plants for ambient ozone in Central and Eastern Europe . Environ Poll , 130 : 33 – 9 . [CSA]
  • Marques , JC . 2001 . Diversity, biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability . Sci World J , 1 : 534 – 43 . [CSA]
  • McCool , SF and Stankey , GH . 2004 . Indicators of sustainability: Challenges and opportunities at the interface of science and policy . Environ Manage , 33 : 294 – 305 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Messer , JJ , Linthurst , RA and Overton , WS . 1991 . An EPA program for monitoring ecological status and trends . Environ Monit Assess , 17 : 67 – 78 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Moravec , F , Gelnar , M , Ergens , R and Scholz , T . 1997 . Metazoan parasites of fishes from the section of the Vltava River supposed to be affected by the operation of the Temelin nuclear electric power-station, Czech Republic . Acta Soc Zool Bohem , 61 : 65 – 76 . [CSA]
  • National Research Council [NRC] . 1983 . Risk Assessment in the Federal Government , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • National Research Council . 1986 . Ecological Knowledge and Environmental Problem Solving , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • National Research Council . 1991 . Animals as sentinels of environmental health hazards , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • National Research Council . 1993 . Issues in Risk Assessment , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
  • Newton , I . 1991 . Long-term monitoring of organochlorine and mercury residues in some predatory birds in Britain . Acta 20 Congr Intern Congr , 20 : 2487 – 93 . [CSA]
  • Norton , SB , Rodier , DR , Gentile , JH , van der Schalie , WH , Wood , WP and Slimak , MW . 1992 . A framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA . Environ Toxicol Chem , 11 : 1663 – 72 . [CSA]
  • O'Connor , JS and Dewling , RT . 1986 . Indices of marine degradation: Their utility . Environ Manage , 10 : 335 – 43 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • O'Connor , TP and Ehler , CN . 1991 . Results from the NOAA National Status and Trends Program on Distribution and Effects of Chemical Contamination in the Coastal and Estuarine United States . Environ Monit Assess , 17 : 33 – 49 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Peakall , D . 1992 . Animal biomarkers as pollution indicators , London , , UK : Chapman and Hall .
  • Piotrowski , JK . 1985 . “ Individual exposure and biological monitoring ” . In Methods for estimating risk of chemical injury: Human and non-human biota and ecosystems , Edited by: Vouk , VB , Burton , GC , Hoel , DG and Peakall , DB . 123 – 35 . Chichester , , UK : Wiley and Sons .
  • Poikolainen , J , Kubin , E , Piispanen , J and Karhu , J . 2004 . Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Finland during 1985-2000 using mosses as bioindicators . Sci Total Environ , 318 : 171 – 85 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Pollet , I and Bendell-Young , LI . 2000 . Amphibians as indicators of wetland quality in wetlands formed from soil sands effluent . Environ Tox Chem , 19 : 2589 – 97 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Porcella , DB , Zillioux , EJ , Grieb , TM , Newman , JR and West , GB . 2004 . Retrospective study of mercury in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in south Florida . Ecotoxicol , 13 : 207 – 21 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • President's Commission . 1997 . Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management , Washington , DC : US Government Printing Office .
  • Rabinowitz , PM , Cullen , MR and Lake , HR . 1999 . Wildlife as sentinels for human health hazards: A review of study designs . J Environ Med , 1 : 217 – 23 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Rand , GM and Zeeman , MG . 1998 . Ecological risk assessment: Approaches within the regulatory framework . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 4 : 853 – 86 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Rapport , DJ , Gaudet , CL and Calow , P , eds. 1992 . Evaluating and monitoring the health of large-scale ecosystems , New York : Springer .
  • Reid , DJ and MacFarlane , GR . 2003 . Potential biomarkers of crude oil exposure in the gastropod mollusc, Austrocochlea porcata: Laboratory and manipulative field studies . Environ Poll , 126 : 147 – 55 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Risebrough , RW . 1991 . Indicator species, birds, toxic contaminants, and global change . Acta 20 Congr Intern Ornith , 20 : 2480 – 6 . [CSA]
  • South Carolina Department of Natural Resources [SCDNR] . 1996a . 1995-6 commercial fur harvest summary . Furbearer Res Bull (Fall) , 1996 : 1, 7 [CSA]
  • South Carolina Department of Natural Resources . 1996b . The impact of sport raccoon hunting on deer movement and deer hunting success . Furbearer Res Bull (Fall) , 1996 : 2 – 4 . [CSA]
  • Stahl , RG Jr . 1997 . Can mammalian and non-mammalian “Sentinel Species” data be used to evaluate the human health implications of environmental contaminants? . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 3 : 329 – 35 . [CSA]
  • Stahl , RG Jr , Orme-Zavaleta , J , Austin , K , Berry , W , Clark , JR , Cormier , S , Fisher , W , Garber , J , Hoke , R , Jackson , L , Kreamer , G , Muska , C and Sierszen , ME . 2000 . Ecological indicators in risk assessment: Workshop summary . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 6 : 671 – 7 . [CSA]
  • Stout , BB . 1993 . The good, the bad and the ugly of monitoring programs: Defining questions and establishing objectives . Environ Monit Assess , 26 : 91 – 8 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Summers , K , Robertson , A and Johnston , J . 1995 . Monitoring the condition of estuarine shallow water habitats . Mar Estuarine Shallow Water Sci Manage Conf , 2 : 1 – 42 . [CSA]
  • Suter , GW Jr . 1990 . Endpoints for regional ecological risk assessment . Environ Manage , 14 : 9 – 23 . [CSA]
  • Suter , GW Jr , ed. 1993 . Ecological risk assessment , Boca Raton , FL : Lewis Publishers .
  • Suter , GW Jr . 1997 . Integration of human health and ecological risk assessment . Environ Health Perspect , 105 : 1282 – 3 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Svadlenkova , M , Konecny , J , Obdrzalek , M and Simanov , L . 1990 . Distribution and transport kinetics of radionuclides super(99)Mo and super(131)I in a simulated aquatic ecosystem . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 44 : 535 – 41 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Svadlenkova , M , Konecny , J and Smutny , V . 1996 . Model calculation of radiocesium transfer into food products in semi-natural forest ecosystems in the Czech Republic after a nuclear reactor accident and an estimate of the population dose burden . Environ Pollut , 92 : 173 – 84 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Thompson , DR , Furness , RW and Monteiro , LR . 1998 . Seabirds as biomonitors of mercury inputs to epipelagic and mesopelagic marine food chains . Sci Total Environ , 213 : 299 – 305 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • van der Schalie , WH . 1997 . Can “Sentinel Species” data be used to evaluate potential human health implications of environmental contaminants? . Hum Ecol Risk Assess , 3 : 305 – 7 . [CSA]
  • van der Schalie , WH , Gardner , HS Jr , Bantle , JA , DeRosa , CT , Finch , RA , Reif , JS , Reuter , RH , Backer , L , Burger , J , Folmar , LC and Stokes , WS . 1999 . Animals as sentinels of human health hazards of environmental chemicals . Environ Health Perspect , 107 : 309 – 15 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
  • Vesely , J , Hruska , J , Norton , SA and Johnson , CA . 1998a . Trends in water chemistry of acidified Bohemian lakes from 1984–1995: I. Major solutes . Water Air Soil Pollut , 108 : 107 – 27 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Vesely , J , Hurska , J and Norton , SA . 1998b . Trends in water chemistry of acidified Bohemian lakes from 1984–1995: II.Trace elements and aluminum . Water Air Soil Pollut , 108 : 425 – 43 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Vrba , J , Kopacek , J , Fott , J , Kohout , L , Nedbalov , L , Prazakova , M , Soldan , T and Schaumburg , J . 2003 . Long-term studies (1871–2000) on acidification and recovery of lakes in Bohemian Forest (Central Europe) . Sci Total Environ , 310 : 73 – 85 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wallberg , P and Moberg , L . 2002 . Evaluation of 20 years of environmental monitoring data around Swedish nuclear installations . J Environ Radio , 63 : 117 – 33 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wells , PG . 2003 . Assessing health of the Bay of Fundy – concepts and framework . Mar Pollut Bull , 46 : 1059 – 77 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wren , CD . 1986 . Mammals as biological monitors of environmental metal levels . Environ Monit Assess , 6 : 127 – 44 . [CSA] [CROSSREF]
  • Wulf , M . 2003 . Forest policy in the EU and its influence on the plant diversity of woodlands . J Environ Manage , 67 : 15 – 25 . [PUBMED] [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA] [CROSSREF]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.