A Review of Grass Shrimp, Palaemonetes spp., as a Bioindicator of Anthropogenic Impacts

References

• American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM]. 1980. Standard Practice for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians. Designation E 729–80. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. p 272–296
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM]. 1996. Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians. Designation E 729–96. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. p 1–21
   Google Scholar
• American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM]. 1999. Standard Guide for Conducting a 10‐Day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods, in Annual Book of Standard Methods. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM. p 27
   Google Scholar
• Anderson GA. 1985. Species profile: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Gulf of Mexico)—grass shrimp. US Fish Wild Serv Biol Rep 82(11.35)
   Google Scholar
• Arnold , G , Luckenbach , M and Unger , M . 2003 . Runoff from tomato cultivation in the estuarine environment: biological effects of farm management practices . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 298 : 323 – 346 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartell S. 2005. Biomarkers, bioindicators, and ecological risk assessment—A brief review and evaluation. Environ Bioin Preview Issue:39–52
   Google Scholar
• Bass , C , Bhan , S , Smith , G and Weis , J . 2001 . Some factors affecting size distribution and density of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) populations in two New Jersey estuaries . Hydrobiologia , 450 : 231 – 241 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buikema , A Jr , Niederlehner , B and Cairns , J . 1980 . “ Use of grass shrimp in toxicity tests ” . In Aquatic Invertebrates Bioassays ASTM STP 715 , Edited by: Buikema , JA and Cairns , JJ . 155 – 173 . Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , KL , Ruiz , GM and Hines , AH . 2003 . Diel variation in predator abundance, predation risk and prey distribution in shallow-water estuarine habitats . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 287 : 37 – 55 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs , C , Fauth , J and Woodley , C . 2001 . Assessing the health of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) exposed to natural and anthropogenic stressors: A molecular biomarker system . Mar Biotechnol , 3 : 380 – 397 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggleston , D , Etherington , L and Elis , W . 1998 . Organism response to habitat patchiness: species and habitat-dependent recruitment of decapod crustaceans . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 223 : 111 – 132 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emblidge , JP and DeLorenzo , ME . 2006 . Preliminary assessment of the lipid-regulating pharmaceutical clofibric acid, for three estuarine species . Environ Res , 100 : 216 – 226 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farr , J . 1977 . Impairment of antipredator behavior in Palaemonetes pugio by exposure to sublethal doses of parathion . Trans Am Fish Soc , 106 : 287 – 290 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finley , DB , Scott , G. , Daugomah , J , Layman , S , Reed , L , Sanders , M , Sivertson , S and Strozier , E . 1999 . “ Case study: Ecotoxicological assessment of urban and agricultural nonpoint source runoff effects on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio ” . In Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands , Edited by: Lewis , M , Mayer , F , Powell , R , Nelson , M , Klaine , S , Henry , M and Dickson , G . 243 – 273. . Pensacola, FL : SETAC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , WS and Foss , SS . 1993 . A simple test for toxicity of number 2 fuel oil and oil dispersants to embryos of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Mar Poll Bull , 26 : 385 – 391 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foss , SS and Rayburn , JR . 1997 . Effects of culture duration on toxicity of ethanol to developing embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 59 : 467 – 471 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton , M , Scott , G , Fortner , A , Bidleman , T and Ngabe , B . 1993 . The effects of urbanization on small high salinity estuaries of the southeastern United States . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 25 : 476 – 484 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton , M , Chandler , T and Scott , G . 1996 . “ Urbanization effects on the fauna of a southeastern USA bar-built estuary ” . In Sustainable Development in the Southeastern Coastal Zone , Edited by: Vernberg , F , Vernberg , W and Siewicki , T . 477 – 504 . Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , M , Key , P , Chung , K , Lund , S , Wirth , E , Scott , G , Chandler , T , Maier , P , Van Dolah , R , Jones , J , Conners , D , Lee , R and Snell , T . 1999a . An evaluation of sediments from contaminated estuarine sites (Koppers, Diesel and Shipyard Creeks) using laboratory toxicity testing and field ecotoxicological assessment methodologies , 87 Gulf Breeze, FL : USEPA .
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , MH , Scott , G , Key , P , Chandler , T , Van Dolah , R and Maier , P . 1999b . Comparative toxicity testing of selected benthic and epibenthic organisms for the development of sediment quality test protocols , Washington, DC : USEPA . EPA/600/R-99/085
   Google Scholar
• Fulton , MH and Key , PB . 2001 . Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticides exposure and effects . Environ Toxicol Chem , 20 : 37 – 45 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrigues , P , Barth , H , Walker , C and Narbonne , J . 2001 . Biomarkers in marine organisms: A practical approach , 550 Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Genthner , FJ , Foss , SS and Fisher , WS . 1994 . Testing of the insect pest control fungus Beauveria bassiana in grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . Dis Aquat Organ , 20 : 49 – 57 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glas , P , Courtney , L , Rayburn , J and Fisher , W . 1997 . Embryonic coat of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . Biol Bull , 192 : 231 – 242 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , AC and Chandler , GT . 1996 . Life-table evaluation of sediment-associated chlorpyrifos chronic toxicity to the benthic copepod, Amphiascus tenuiremis . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 31 : 77 – 83 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , LW Jr and Alden , RW . 1997 . A review of concurrent ambient water column and sediment toxicity testing in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: 1990–1994 . Environ Toxicol Chem , 16 : 1606 – 1617 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , LW Jr , Burton , DT and Margrey , SL . 1979 . Chlorine, temperature and exposure duration effects of power plant effluents on juvenile blue crabs Callinectes sapidus and grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . J Toxicol Environ Health , 5 : 749 – 757 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell , SI . 1997 . Demonstration of a toxicological risk ranking method to correlate measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity . Environ Toxicol Chem , 16 : 361 – 371 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holthuis , L . 1952 . A general revision of the Palaemonidae (Crustacea Decapoda Natantia) of the Americas. II. The subfamily Palaemoninae , 396 Los Angeles, CA : The University of Southern California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hook , SE and Lee , R . 2003 . Genotoxicant induced DNA damage and repair in early and late developmental stages of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio embryo as measured by the comet assay . Aquat Toxicol , 66 : 1 – 14 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houser , D and Allen , D . 1996 . Zooplankton dynamics in an intertidal salt-marsh basin . Estuaries , 19 : 659 – 673 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Key , PB and Scott , GI . 1992 . Acute toxicity of the mosquito larvicide, Bacillus sphaericus, to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, and mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 49 : 425 – 430 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB and Fulton , MH . 1993 . Lethal and sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos exposure on adult and larval stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . J Environ Sci Health , B28 : 621 – 640 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB , Fulton , MH , Scott , GI , Layman , SL and Wirth , EF . 1998a . Lethal and sublethal effects of malathion on three life stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Aquat Toxicol , 40 : 311 – 322 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB , Fulton , MH , Layman , SL and Scott , GI . 1998b . Azinphosmethyl exposure to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) life stages with emphasis on larval acetylcholinesterase activity . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 60 : 645 – 650 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB , Chung , K , Opatkiewicz , A , Wirth , E and Fulton , M . 2003a . Toxicity of the insecticides fipronil and endosulfan to selected life stages of the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) . Bull Environ Toxicol Chem , 70 : 533 – 540 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB , Meyer , SL and Chung , K . 2003b . Lethal and sublethal effects of the fungicide chlorothalonil on three life stages of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . J Environ Sci Health , B38 : 539 – 549 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Key , PB , Fulton , M , Harmon-Fetcho , J and McConnell , L . 2003c . Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 45 : 371 – 377 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key , PB , DeLorenzo , M , Gross , K , Chung , K and Clum , A . 2005 . Toxicity of the mosquito control pesticide Scourge to adult and larval grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) . J Environ Sci Health B , 40 : 585 – 594 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , AT , Weis , JS and D’Andrea , L . 1989 . Bioaccumulation of four heavy metals in two populations of grass shrimp . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 42 : 339 – 343 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , GB , Lee , R and Mitchell , D . 2000 . Damage to grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo DNA by summer sunlight followed by DNA repair in the dark . Mar Biol , 137 : 675 – 682 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , GB and Lee , R . 2004 . Effects of genotoxic compounds on DNA and development of early and late grass shrimp embryo stages . Mar Environ Res , 57 : 329 – 338 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klerks , P . 1999 . Acclimation to contaminants by the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio: Individual contaminants vs. mixtures . Ecotoxicology , 8 : 277 – 286 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laughlin , RB Jr , Neff , JM , Hrung , YC , Goodwin , TC and Giam , CS . 1978 . The effects of three phthalate esters on the larval development of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) . Water Air Soil Pollut , 9 : 323 – 336 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauth , JR , Scott , GI , Cherry , D and Buikema , A . 1996 . A modular estuarine mesocosm . Environ Toxicol Chem , 15 : 630 – 637 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R , Kim , GB , Maruya , KA , Steinert , SA and Oshima , Y . 2000 . DNA strand breaks (comet assay) and embryo development effects in grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryos after exposure to genotoxicants . Mar Environ Res , 50 : 553 – 557 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R and Kim , GB . 2002 . Comet assays to assess DNA damage and repair in grass shrimp embryos exposed to phototoxicants . Mar Environ Res , 54 : 465 – 469 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , R , Maruya , K and Bulski , K . 2004 . Exposure of grass shrimp to sediments receiving highway runoff: effects on reproduction and DNA . Mar Environ Res , 58 : 713 – 717 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leight , AK , Scott , G , Fulton , M and Daugomah , J . 2005 . Long term monitoring of grass shrimp Palaemonetes spp. Population metrics at sites with agricultural runoff influences . Integr Comp Biol , 45 : 143 – 150 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , MA and Foss , SA . 2000 . A Caridean grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio Holthuis) as an indicator of sediment quality in Florida coastal areas affected by point and nonpoint source contamination . Environ Toxicol , 15 : 234 – 242 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund , SA , Fulton , MH and Key , PB . 2000 . The sensitivity of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, embryos to organophosphate pesticide induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition . Aquat Toxicol , 48 : 127 – 134 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markert , BA , Breure , AM and Zechmeister , HG , eds. 2003 . Bioindicators and biomonitoring—Principles, concepts and applications , Oxford, UK : Elsevier Science Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• McKenney , C . 1986 . Methods for determining the influence of biochemical biological control agents on metamorphosis of marine Crustacea , Washington, DC : USEPA . EPA/600/X-86/234
   Google Scholar
• McKenney , C and Hamaker , D . 1984 . Effects of fenvalerate on larval development of Palaemonetes pugio (Holthuis) and on larval metabolism during osmotic stress . Aquat Toxicol , 5 : 343 – 355 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenney , C , Weber , D , Celestial , DM and MacGregor , MA . 1998 . Altered growth and metabolism of an estuarine shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) during and after metamorphosis onto fenvalerate-laden sediment . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 35 : 464 – 471 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melancon , M . 1995 . “ Bioindicators used in aquatic and terrestrial monitoring ” . In Handbook of Ecotoxicology , Edited by: Hoffman , D , Rattner , B , Burton , G and Cairns , J . 220 – 242 . London : Lewis Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Niemi , G and McDonald , M . 2004 . Application of ecological indicators . Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst , 35 : 89 – 111 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi , G , Wardrop , D , Brooks , R , Anderson , S , Brady , V , Paerl , H , Rakocinski , C , Brouwer , M , Levinson , B and McDonald , M . 2004 . Rationale for a new generation of indicators for coastal waters . Environ Health Perspect , 112 : 979 – 986 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , E , Martin , M , Ide , C and McLachlan , J . 1999 . Benthic community structure and biomarker induction in grass shrimp in an estuarine system . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 37 : 512 – 518 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster , E , Brouwer , M , Hoexum-Brouwer , T , Manning , S and McLachlan , J . 2000 . Long-term pyrene exposure of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, affects molting and reproduction of exposed males and offspring of exposed females . Environ Health Perspect , 108 : 641 – 646 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennington , PL , DeLorenzo , ME , Lawton , JC , Strozier , ED , Fulton , MH and Scott , GI . 2004 . Modular estuarine mesocosm validation: Ecotoxicological assessment of direct effects with the model compound endosulfan . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 298 : 369 – 387 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez , MH and Wallace , W . 2004 . Differences in prey capture in grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, collected along an environmental impact gradient . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 46 : 81 – 89 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , DE , Edwards , DE , Scott , G , Jones , B and Street , S . 1997 . Assessing the impacts of anthropogenic and physiographic influences on grass shrimp in localized salt-marsh estuaries . Aquat Botany , 58 : 289 – 306 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausina , GA , Wong , D , Arnold , W , Mancini , E and Steen , A . 2002 . Toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether to marine organisms: Ambient water quality criteria calculation . Chemosphere , 47 : 525 – 534 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayburn , JR and Aladdin , RK . 2003 . Developmental toxicity of copper, chromium, and aluminum using the shrimp embryo teratogenesis assay: Palaemonid with Artificial Seawater . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 71 : 481 – 488 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayburn , J , Glas , P , Foss , S and Fisher , W . 1996 . Characterization of grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) embryo toxicity tests using the water soluble fraction of Number 2 fuel oil . Mar Poll Bull , 32 : 860 – 866 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayburn , J and Fisher , W . 1997 . Developmental toxicity of three carrier solvents using embryos of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 33 : 217 – 221 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayburn , J and Fisher , W . 1999 . Developmental toxicity of copper chloride, methylene chloride, and 6-aminonicotinamide to embryos of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio . Environ Tox Chem , 18 : 950 – 957 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roesijadi , G , Anderson , JW and Giam , CS . 1976 . Osmoregulation of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). II. Effects on free amino acids of muscle tissue . Mar Biol , 38 : 357 – 363 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozas , LP and Minello , TJ . 1998 . Nekton use of salt marsh, seagrass, and nonvegetated habitats in a South Texas (USA) estuary . Bull Mar Sci , 63 : 481 – 501 . [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimmel , SC , Patrick , JM and Wilson , A . 1977 . “ Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals ” . In Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation , Edited by: Mayer , F and Hamelink , J . 241 – 252 . Philadelphia, PA : American Society for Testing and Materials . ASTM STP 634
   Google Scholar
• Scott , G , Baughman , D , Trim , A and Dee , J . 1987 . “ Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides commonly found in nonpoint source agricultural runoff to estuarine fish and shellfish ” . In Pollution physiology of estuarine organisms , Edited by: Vernberg , W , Calabrese , A , Thurberg , F and Vernberg , F . 251 – 274 . Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Scott G, Fulton M, Key P, Daugomah J, Thompson B, Strozier E, Pennington P, Van Dolah R, Maier P, Levisen M, Hadley N. 1994. Ecotoxicological assessment of effluent and sediments from the Savannah Harbor dredged material disposal areas in the Wright River estuary of South Carolina. Submitted to US Army Corps of Engineers. p 244
   Google Scholar
• Scott , GI , Fulton , M , Moore , D , Wirth , E , Chandler , G , Key , P , Daugomah , J , Strozier , E , Devane , J , Clark , J , Lewis , M , Finley , D , Ellenberg , W and Karnaky , K . 1999 . Assessment of risk reduction strategies for the management of agricultural nonpoint source pesticide runoff in estuarine ecosystems . Toxicol Ind Health , S15 : 200 – 213 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Shelton , ME , Chapman , PJ , Fosse , SS and Fisher , WS . 1999 . Degradation of weathered oil by mixed marine bacteria and the toxicity of accumulated water-soluble material to two marine Crustacea . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 36 : 13 – 20 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange , E , Galbraith , H , Bickel , S , Mills , D , Beltman , D and Lipton , J . 2002 . Determining ecological equivalence in service-to-service scaling of salt marsh restoration . Environ Man , 29 : 290 – 300 . [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter , GW and Rosen , AE . 1988 . Comparative toxicology for risk assessment of marine fishes and crustaceans . Environ Sci Technol , 22 : 548 – 556 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler-Schroeder , D . 1978 . Bioassay procedures for the ocean disposal permit program , Gulf Breeze, FL : USEPA .
   Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA]. 2003. EPA’s draft report on the environment technical document. Report No. EPA 600–R–03–050. Washington, DC: USEPA
   Google Scholar
• Volz , DC , Wirth , E , Fulton , M , Scott , G , Block , D and Chandler , G . 2002 . Endocrine-mediated effects of UV-A irradiation on grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) reproduction . Comp Biochem Physiol Part C , 133 : 419 – 434 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volz , DC , Wirth , E , Fulton , M , Scott , G , Strozier , E , Block , D , Ferry , J , Walse , S and Chandler , G . 2003 . Effects of fipronil and chlorpyrifos on endocrine-related endpoints in female grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 71 : 497 – 503 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall , VD , Alberts , JJ , Moore , DJ , Newell , SY , Pattanayek , M and Pennings , SC . 2001 . The effect of mercury and PCBs on organisms from lower trophic levels of a Georgia salt marsh . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 40 : 10 – 17 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weis , J , Windham , L , Santiago-Bass , C and Weis , P . 2002 . Growth, survival, and metal content of marsh invertebrates fed diets of detritus from Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and Phragmites australis Cav. Trin. ex Steud. from metal-contaminated and clean sites . Wetlands Ecol Manage , 10 : 71 – 84 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Weis , JS , Smith , G and Santiago-Bass , C . 2000 . Predator/prey interactions: a link between the individual level and both higher and lower level effects of toxicants in aquatic ecosystems . J Aquat Ecosys Stress Recov , 7 : 145 – 153 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , B . 1975 . The role of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, in a tidal marsh ecosystem . Ecology , 56 : 513 – 530 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , JEH and Costlow , JD . 1986 . Comparative toxicity of two dimilin formulations to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 36 : 858 – 865 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , EF , Fulton , MH , Chandler , GT , Key , PB and Scott , GI . 1998 . Toxicity of sediment associated PAHs to the estuarine crustaceans, Palaemonetes pugio and Amphiascus tenuiremis . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 61 : 637 – 644 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , EF , Lund , SA , Fulton , MH and Scott , GI . 2001 . Determination of acute mortality in adults and sublethal embryo responses of Palaemonetes pugio to endosulfan and methoprene . Aquat Toxicol , 53 : 9 – 18 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , EF , Lund , SA , Fulton , MH and Scott , GI . 2002 . Reproductive alterations in adult grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, following sublethal, chronic endosulfan exposure . Aquat Toxicol , 59 : 93 – 99 . [INFOTRIEVE] [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , EF , Pennington , P , Lawton , J , DeLorenzo , M , Bearden , D , Shaddrix , B , Sivertsen , S and Fulton , M . 2004 . The effects of the contemporary-use insecticide (fipronil) in an estuarine mesocosm . Environ Poll , 131 : 365 – 371 . [CROSSREF] [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , C . 1967 . Physioecology of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio in the Galveston Bay estuarine system . Cont Mar Sci , 12 : 54 – 79 . [CSA]
   Google Scholar