References
- American College of Physicians. (2011). National immigration policy and access to health care. American College of Physicians.
- Amnesty International. (1995, January 1). Amnesty International Report 1995 - Eritrea. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a9f980.html
- Amnesty International. (1997, September 16). Cameroon: Blatant disregard for human rights. Retrieved from http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a98818.html
- Amnesty International. (2015, December1). Just deserters: why indefinite national service in Eritrea has created a generation of refugees. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AFR6429302015ENGLISH.PDF
- Amnesty International. (2018). Amnesty International Annual Report 2017-2018 - Ethiopia. Retrieved from https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/ethiopia/report-ethiopia/
- Amnesty International. (2018). Amnesty International Annual Report 2017/2018 - Eritrea. https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/eritrea/report-eritrea/
- Blazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of Major Depression in a national community sample: The National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 979–986.
- Burgers, J. H. (1988). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A handbook on the Convention against Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (Vol. 9). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
- Chen, W., Hall, B. J., Ling, L., & Renzaho, A. M. (2017). Pre-migration and post-migration factors associated with mental health in humanitarian migrants in Australia and the moderation effect of post-migration stressors: findings from the first wave data of the BNLA cohort study. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 4(3), 218–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/S2215-0366(17)30032-9
- CIA (2012). The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html
- Feeney, A. (2000). Refugee employment. Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit, 15(4), 343–349. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1080/026909400750068086
- Felsman, J. K., Leong, F. T., Johnson, M. C., & Felsman, I. C. (1990). Estimates of psychological distress among Vietnamese refugees: adolescents, unaccompanied minors and young adults. Social Science Medicine, 31, 1251–1256.
- Hocking, D. C., Kennedy, G. A., & Sundram, S. (2015a). Mental disorders in asylum seekers: The role of the refugee determination process and employment. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(1), 28–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1097/NMD.0000000000000230
- Hocking, D. C., Kennedy, G. A., & Sundram, S. (2015b). Social factors ameliorate psychiatric disorders in community-based asylum seekers independent of visa status. Psychiatry Research, 230(2), 628–636. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/j.psychres.2015.10.018
- Hynie, M. (2018). The social determinants of refugee mental health in the post-migration context: A critical review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 63(5), 297–303. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0706743717746666
- Johnson, H., & Thompson, A. (2008). The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/j.cpr.2007.01.017
- Keller, A. S., Rosenfeld, B., Trinh-Shevrin, C., Meserve, C., Sachs, E., Leviss, J. A., Singer, E., Smith, H., Wilkinson, J., Kim, G., Allden, K., & Ford, D. (2003). Mental health of detained asylum seekers. The Lancet, 362(9397), 1721–1723. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/S0140-6736(03)14846-5
- Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009). The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 18(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1017/S1121189X00001421
- Ku, L., & Matani, S. (2001). Left out: immigrants' access to health care and insurance. Health Affairs, 20(1), 247–256. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1377/hlthaff.20.1.247
- Leaman, S. C., & Gee, C. B. (2012). Religious coping and risk factors for psychological distress among African torture survivors. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 4(5), 457–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1037/a0026622
- Li, S. S., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1007/s11920-016-0723-0
- Marshall, R. D., Olfson, J., Hellman, F., Blanco, C., Guardino, M., & Struening, E. L. (2001). Comorbidity, impairment, and suicidality in subthreshold PTSD. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1467–1473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1467
- Martin, D. C., & Yankay, J. E. (2012, April). Annual flow report, refugees and asylees: 2012. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics. http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/ois_rfa_fr_2012.pdf>
- McKelvey, R. S., Webb, J., & Mao, A. R. (1993). Premigratory risk factors in Vietnamese Amerasians. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(3), 470–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1176/ajp.150.3.470
- Miller, K. E., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science & Medicine (1982)), 70(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/j.socscimed.2009.09.029
- Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(2), 111–116.
- Mollica, R. F., Wyshak, G., de Marneffe, D., Khoun, F., & Lavelle, J. (1987). Indochinese version of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25: a screening instrument for psychiatric care of refugees. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 497–500.
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2011). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
- Paunovic, N., & Öst, L. G. (2001). Cognitive-behavior therapy vs exposure therapy in the treatment of PTSD in refugees. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(10), 1183–1197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1016/s0005-7967(00)00093-0
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Houghton Mifflin Company.
- Shoeb, M., Weinstein, H., & Mollica, R. (2007). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire: Adapting a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in Iraqi refugees. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 53(5), 447–463. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1177/0020764007078362
- Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., Mollica, R., Thai, M., Khiek, D., Lavelle, J., & Tor, S. (2007). Screening for depression and PTSD in a Cambodian population unaffected by war: Comparing the Hopkins Symptom Checklist and Harvard Trauma Questionnaire with the Structured Clinical Interview. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(2), 152–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1097/01.nmd.0000254747.03333.70
- Silove, D., Sinnerbrink, I., Field, A., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (1997). Anxiety, depression, and PTSD in asylum seekers: Associations with pre-migration trauma and post-migration stressors. British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 351–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1192/bjp.170.4.351
- Silove, D., Steel, Z., & Watters, C. (2000). Policies of deterrence and the mental health of asylum seekers. JAMA, 284(5), 604–611. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1001/jama.284.5.604
- Smith-Fawzi, M. C., Murphy, E., Pham, T., Lin, L., Poole, C., & Mollica, R. F. (1997). The validity of screening for post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among Vietnamese former political prisoners. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 95, 87–93.
- Steel, Z., Chey, T., Silove, D., Marnane, C., Bryant, R. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2009). Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 302(5), 537–549. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10/1001/jama.2009.1132
- U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2013, February). Immigration and Nationality Act. Retrieved from http://www.uscis.gov/iframe/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/act.html
- U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2015, June 18). Asylum. http://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/refugees-asylum/asylum
- U.S. Department of Justice. (2013, December 2). Operation policies and procedures memorandum: The asylum clock. http://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2013/12/03/13-02.pdf