Risk prediction of hepatotoxicity in paracetamol poisoning

References

• Ostapowicz G, Fontana RJ, Schiodt FV, et al. Results of a prospective study of acute liver failure at 17 tertiary care centers in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:I24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH, Matthew H. Acetaminophen poisoning and toxicity. Pediatrics. 1975;55:871–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyon S, Klein-Schwartz W. Hepatotoxicity despite early administration of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acute acetaminophen overdose. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16:34–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Hepatology. 1989;10:163–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2002;359:558–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiodt FV, Rossaro L, Stravitz RT, et al. Gc-globulin and prognosis in acute liver failure. Liver Transpl. 2005;11:1223–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamagishi Y, Saito H, Tada S, et al. Value of computed tomography-derived estimated liver volume/standard liver volume ratio for predicting the prognosis of adult fulminant hepatic failure in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20:1843–1849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakravan N, Simpson KJ, Waring WS, et al. Renal injury at first presentation as a predictor for poor outcome in severe paracetamol poisoning referred to a liver transplant unit. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:163–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheampong P, Thomas SH. Determinants of hepatotoxicity after repeated supratherapeutic paracetamol ingestion: systematic review of reported cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82:923–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K. Serum phosphate is an early predictor of outcome in severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology. 2002;36:659–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green TJ, Sivilotti ML, Langmann C, et al. When do the aminotransferases rise after acute acetaminophen overdose? Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:787–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig DG, Ford AC, Hayes PC, et al. Systematic review: prognostic tests of paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31:1064–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dart RC, Erdman AR, Olson KR, et al. Acetaminophen poisoning: an evidence-based consensus guideline for out-of-hospital management. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Roscoe P, Wright N, et al. Plasma-paracetamol half-life and hepatic necrosis in patients with paracetamol overdosage. Lancet. 1971;1:519–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzard BG, Widdop B, Davis M, et al. Early prediction of the outcome of a paracetamol overdose based on an analysis of 163 patients. Postgrad Med J. 1977;53:243–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH, Bateman DN. Acetaminophen and acetylcysteine dose and duration: past, present and future. Clin Toxicol. 2012;50:91–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leise MD, Poterucha JJ, Talwalkar JA. Drug-induced liver injury. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89:95–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Park J, Ballantyne A, et al. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet. 1977;2:432–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF. The chief scientist reports … prevention of hepatic necrosis following paracetamol overdosage. Health Bull (Edinb). 1978;36:204–212.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumack BH. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: the first 35 years. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2002;40:3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilkstein MJ, Knapp GL, Kulig KW, et al. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumack BH, Peterson RC, Koch GG, et al. Acetaminophen overdose. 662 cases with evaluation of oral acetylcysteine treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1981;141:380–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly FF, Fountain JS, Murray L, et al. Guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand–explanation and elaboration. A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres. Med J Aust. 2008;188:310–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman DN, Dear JW, Carroll R, et al. Impact of reducing the threshold for acetylcysteine treatment in acute paracetamol poisoning: the recent United Kingdom experience. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:868–872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF, Illingworth RN, Critchley JA, et al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J. 1979;2:1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smilkstein MJ, Bronstein AC, Linden C, et al. Acetaminophen overdose: a 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:1064–1068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leang Y, Taylor DM, Dargan PI, et al. Reported ingested dose of paracetamol as a predictor of risk following paracetamol overdose. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70:1513–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffull SB, Isbister GK. Predicting the requirement for N-acetylcysteine in paracetamol poisoning from reported dose. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:772–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zyoud SH, Awang R, Sulaiman SA. Reliability of the reported ingested dose of acetaminophen for predicting the risk of toxicity in acetaminophen overdose patients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21:207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiodt FV, Lee WM, Bondesen S, et al. Influence of acute and chronic alcohol intake on the clinical course and outcome in acetaminophen overdose. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:707–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt LE, Dalhoff K, Poulsen HE. Acute versus chronic alcohol consumption in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatology. 2002;35:876–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin AJ, Wendon J, Williams R. A 7-year experience of severe acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity (1987–1993). Gastroenterology. 1995;109:1907–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waring WS, Robinson ODG, Stephen AFL, et al. Does the patient history predict hepatotoxicity after acute paracetamol overdose? QJM. 2008;101:121–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Ware C, Mistry H, et al. Paracetamol self-poisoning. Characteristics, prevention and harm reduction. Br J Psychiatry. 1996;168:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotodihardjo AE, Batey RG, Farrell GC, et al. Hepatotoxicity from paracetamol self-poisoning in western Sydney: a continuing challenge. Med J Aust. 1992;157:382–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks D, Dines A, Lipi M, et al. Outcomes from massive paracetamol overdose: a retrospective observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;54:405–410.
   Google Scholar
• Cairney DG, Beckwith HK, Al-Hourani K, et al. Plasma paracetamol concentration at hospital presentation has a dose-dependent relationship with liver injury despite prompt treatment with intravenous acetylcysteine. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54:405–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly FFS, O'Malley GF, Heard K, et al. Prospective evaluation of repeated supratherapeutic acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44:393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott LF. Kinetics and metabolism of paracetamol and phenacetin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1980;10 Suppl 2:291S–298S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiodt FV, Ott P, Christensen E, et al. The value of plasma acetaminophen half-life in antidote-treated acetaminophen overdosage. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002;71:221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart A, Kimmitt RA, Seymour JH, et al. Circulating acetaminophen metabolites are toxicokinetic biomarkers of acute liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;101:531–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Steeg J, Akhtar J, Burkhart KK, et al. Initial prothrombin time as a predictor of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1995;33:508–509.
   Google Scholar
• Levine M, O'Connor AD, Padilla-Jones A, et al. Comparison of prothrombin time and aspartate aminotransferase in predicting hepatotoxicity after acetaminophen overdose. J Med Toxicol. 2015;12:100–106.
   Google Scholar
• Payen C, Dachraoui A, Pulce C, et al. Prothrombin time prolongation in paracetamol poisoning: a relevant marker of hepatic failure? Hum Exp Toxicol. 2003;22:617–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte IM, Buckley NA, Reith DM, et al. Acetaminophen causes an increased International Normalized Ratio by reducing functional factor VII. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:1464–1468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepsen S, Hansen AB. The influence of N-acetylcysteine on the measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in healthy subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1994;54:543–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Hourani K, Mansi R, Pettie J, et al. The predictive value of hospital admission serum alanine transaminase activity in patients treated for paracetamol overdose. QJM. 2013;106:541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis RM, Sivilotti ML. A descriptive analysis of aspartate and alanine aminotransferase rise and fall following acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:849–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGovern AJ, Vitkovitsky IV, Jones DL, et al. Can AST/ALT ratio indicate recovery after acute paracetamol poisoning? Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:164–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivilotti ML, Good AM, Yarema MC, et al. A new predictor of toxicity following acetaminophen overdose based on pretreatment exposure. Clin Toxicol. 2005;43:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivilotti ML, Yarema MC, Juurlink DN, et al. A risk quantification instrument for acute acetaminophen overdose patients treated with N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;46:263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomchai S, Chomchai C. Predicting acute acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen-aminotransferase multiplication product and the Psi parameter. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:506–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomchai S, Chomchai C, Anusornsuwan T. Acetaminophen psi parameter: a useful tool to quantify hepatotoxicity risk in acute acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2011;49:664–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomchai S, Lawattanatrakul N, Chomchai C. Acetaminophen Psi Nomogram: a sensitive and specific clinical tool to predict hepatotoxicity secondary to acute acetaminophen overdose. J Med Assoc Thai. 2014;97:165–172.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivilotti MLA, Green TJ, Langmann C, et al. Multiplying the serum aminotransferase by the acetaminophen concentration to predict toxicity following overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48:793–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A, Sivilotti ML, Dargan PI, et al. External validation of the paracetamol-aminotransferase multiplication product to predict hepatotoxicity from paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:807–814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offerman S, Young M. Use of the initial acetaminophen concentration times serum aminotransferase product to predict significant liver enzyme elevations after acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2011;49:591. Conference: 2011 North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology Annual Meeting Washington, DC, United States.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskey D, Neavyn M. APAPxAT as a hepatotoxicity predictor in patients with acetaminophen ingestions of chronic, subacute, or unknown time. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:677–678. Conference: 2015 Annual Meeting of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology, NACCT San Francisco, CA, United States.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nacca NE, Hodgman M. APAP × AT in staggered, chronic and time unknown acetaminophen overdoses. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart AD, Antoine DJ, Dear JW. Target biomarker profile for the clinical management of paracetamol overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;80:351–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davern ITJ, James LP, Hinson JA, et al. Measurement of serum acetaminophen-protein adducts in patients with acute liver failure. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:687–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Bucci TJ, Benson RW, et al. Immunohistochemical localization and quantification of the 3-(cystein-S-yl)-acetaminophen protein adduct in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Am J Pathol. 1991;138:359–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert SA, Kovnat D, Anderson VE, et al. Acute hepatotoxicity associated with therapeutic doses of intravenous acetaminophen. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54:282–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heard KJ, Green JL, James LP, et al. Acetaminophen-cysteine adducts during therapeutic dosing and following overdose. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James LP, Letzig L, Simpson PM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen-protein adducts in adults with acetaminophen overdose and acute liver failure. Drug Metab Dispos. 2009;37:1779–1784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiew A, James LP, Letzig L, et al. Paracetamol-protein adducts following acute paracetamol overdose. Abstract from the 36th International Congress of the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) May 2016, Madrid, Spain. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54:371–519.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts DW, Lee WM, Hinson JA, et al. An immunoassay to rapidly measure acetaminophen protein adducts accurately identifies patients with acute liver injury or failure. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;15:552–562.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vliegenthart AD, Shaffer JM, Clarke JI, et al. Comprehensive microRNA profiling in acetaminophen toxicity identifies novel circulating biomarkers for human liver and kidney injury. Sci Rep. 2015;5:15501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkey Lewis PJ, Dear J, Platt V, et al. Circulating microRNAs as potential markers of human drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2011;54:1767–1776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine DJ, Dear JW, Lewis PS, et al. Mechanistic biomarkers provide early and sensitive detection of acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury at first presentation to hospital. Hepatology. 2013;58:777–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman DN, Dear JW, Thanacoody HK, et al. Reduction of adverse effects from intravenous acetylcysteine treatment for paracetamol poisoning: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383:697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonaldi T, Talamo F, Scaffidi P, et al. Monocytic cells hyperacetylate chromatin protein HMGB1 to redirect it towards secretion. EMBO J. 2003;22:5551–5560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J, Hodgkinson C, Odedra R, et al. Preclinical evaluation of M30 and M65 ELISAs as biomarkers of drug induced tumor cell death and antitumor activity. Mol Cancer Ther. 2008;7:455–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang J, Hsu BY, MacMullen CM, et al. Expression, purification and characterization of human glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) allosteric regulatory mutations. Biochem J. 2002;363:81–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Bloom O, Zhang M, et al. HMG-1 as a late mediator of endotoxin lethality in mice. Science. 1999;285:248–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taniguchi N, Kawahara K, Yone K, et al. High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 plays a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis as a novel cytokine. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:971–981.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MHRA. Benefit risk profile of acetylcysteine in the management of paracetamol overdose; 2012. Available from: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/pl-p/documents/drugsafetymessage/con184709.pdf
   Google Scholar