951
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Research

Challenges with take-home naloxone in reducing heroin mortality: a review of fatal heroin overdose cases in Victoria, Australia

, , , &
Pages 325-330 | Received 25 Jul 2018, Accepted 21 Sep 2018, Published online: 17 Nov 2018

References

  • Gossop M, Stewart D, Treacy S, et al. A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment. Addiction. 2002;97:39–47.
  • Darke S, Mills KL, Ross J, et al. Rates and correlates of mortality amongst heroin users: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS), 2001–2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;115:190–195.
  • Macintyre PE, Loadsman JA, Scott DA. Opioids, ventilation and acute pain management. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2011;39:545–558.
  • Dahan A, Aarts L, Smith TW. Incidence, reversal, and prevention of opioid-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2010;112:226–238.
  • Kaufman RD, Gabathuler ML, Bellville JW. Potency, duration of action and pA2 in man of intravenous naloxone measured by reversal of morphine-depressed respiration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1981;219:156–162.
  • Lenton SR, Dietze PM, Degenhardt L, et al. Naloxone for administration by peers in cases of heroin overdose. Med J Aust. 2009;191:469
  • Lenton SR, Dietze PM, Degenhardt L, et al. Now is the time to take steps to allow peer access to naloxone for heroin overdose in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2009;28:583–585.
  • Darke S, Hall W. The distribution of naloxone to heroin users. Addiction. 1997;92:1195–1199.
  • Strang J, Darke S, Hall W, et al. Heroin overdose: the case for take-home naloxone. BMJ. 1996;312:1435–1436.
  • Strang J, Farrell M. Harm minimisation for drug misusers. BMJ. 1992;304:1127–1128.
  • Strang J, Bird SM, Dietze P, et al. Take-home emergency naloxone to prevent deaths from heroin overdose. BMJ. 2014;349:g6580.
  • Lenton S, Dietze P, Olsen A, et al. Working together: expanding the availability of naloxone for peer administration to prevent opioid overdose deaths in the Australian Capital Territory and beyond. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2014;34:404–411.
  • Lenton SR, Dietze PM, Jauncey M. Australia reschedules naloxone for opioid overdose. Med J Aust. 2016;204:146–147.
  • Jolley CJ, Bell J, Rafferty GF, et al. Understanding heroin overdose: a study of the acute respiratory depressant effects of injected pharmaceutical heroin. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0140995.
  • White JM, Irvine RJ. Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction. 1999;94:961–972.
  • Warner-Smith M, Darke S, Lynskey M, et al. Heroin overdose: causes and consequences. Addiction. 2001;96:1113–1125.
  • Strang J. Death matters: understanding heroin/opiate overdose risk and testing potential to prevent deaths. Addiction. 2015;110:27–35.
  • Dursteler-Mac Farland KM, Stormer R, Seifritz E, et al. Opioid-associated effects on oxygen saturation. Addiction. 2000;95:285–287.
  • Stoermer R, Drewe J, Dursteler-Mac Farland KM, et al. Safety of injectable opioid maintenance treatment for heroin dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;54:854–861.
  • Darke S, Mattick RP, Degenhardt L. The ratio of non-fatal to fatal heroin overdose. Addiction. 2003;98:1169–1171.
  • Stam NC, Pilgrim JL, Drummer OH, et al. Catch and release: evaluating the safety of non-fatal heroin overdose management in the out-of-hospital environment. Clin Toxicol. 2018;1–7.
  • McDonald R, Strang J. Are take-home naloxone programmes effective? Systematic review utilizing application of the Bradford Hill criteria. Addiction. 2016;111:1177–1187.
  • Irvine MA, Buxton JA, Otterstatter M, et al. Distribution of take-home opioid antagonist kits during a synthetic opioid epidemic in British Columbia, Canada: a modelling study. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e218–ee25.
  • Eggertson L. Take-home naloxone kits preventing overdose deaths. CMAJ. 2014;186:17.
  • Bennett T, Holloway K, Bird SM. Does take-home naloxone reduce non-fatal overdose?. Lancet. 2014;383:124–125.
  • Bird SM, Parmar MK, Strang J. Take-home naloxone to prevent fatalities from opiate-overdose: protocol for Scotland’s public health policy evaluation, and a new measure to assess impact. Drugs. 2015;22:66–76.
  • Parmar MK, Strang J, Choo L, et al. Randomized controlled pilot trial of naloxone-on-release to prevent post-prison opioid overdose deaths. Addiction. 2017;112:502–515.
  • Bird SM, McAuley A, Perry S, et al. Effectiveness of Scotland’s National Naloxone Programme for reducing opioid-related deaths: a before (2006–10) versus after (2011–13) comparison. Addiction. 2016;111:883–891.
  • Dwyer R, Olsen A, Fowlie C, et al. An overview of take-home naloxone programs in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2018;37:440–449.
  • Stam NC, Gerostamoulos D, Dietze PM, et al. The attribution of a death to heroin: a model to help improve the consistent and transparent classification and reporting of heroin-related deaths. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;281:18–28.
  • Gerostamoulos J, Staikos V, Drummer OH. Heroin-related deaths in Victoria: a review of cases for 1997 and 1998. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001;61:123–127.
  • Darke S, Ross J, Zador D, et al. Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, Australia, 1992–1996. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;60:141–150.
  • Davidson PJ, McLean RL, Kral AH, et al. Fatal heroin-related overdose in San Francisco, 1997–2000: a case for targeted intervention. J Urban Health. 2003;80:261–273.
  • Darke S, Hall W. Heroin overdose: research and evidence-based intervention. J Urban Health. 2003;80:189–200.
  • Strang J, Powis B, Best D, et al. Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability. Addiction. 1999;94:199–204.
  • Coffin PO, Sullivan SD. Cost-effectiveness of distributing naloxone to heroin users for lay overdose reversal. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:1–9.
  • Rio IM, Epstein J. The medical coalface of the heroin epidemic. Med J Aust. 2017;206:484–485.
  • Marshall BD, Milloy MJ, Wood E, et al. Reduction in overdose mortality after the opening of North America’s first medically supervised safer injecting facility: a retrospective population-based study. Lancet. 2011;377:1429–1437.
  • Comiskey CM. Take-home naloxone: while good, it is far from good enough. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e205–e2e6.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.