New synthetic opioid cyclopropylfentanyl together with other novel synthetic opioids in respiratory insufficient comatose patients detected by toxicological analysis

References

• Scherbaum N, Schifano F, Bonnet U. New psychoactive substances (NPS) - a challenge for the addiction treatment services. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2017;50:116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report 2017: Trends and Developments, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 15]; Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/4541/TDAT17001ENN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Armenian P, Vo KT, Barr-Walker J, et al. Fentanyl, fentanyl analogs and novel synthetic opioids: a comprehensive review. Neuropharmacology. 2018;134:121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helander A, Bäckberg M, Signell P, et al. Intoxications involving acrylfentanyl and other novel designer fentanyls – results from the Swedish STRIDA project. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:589–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prekupec MP, Mansky PA, Baumann MH. Misuse of novel synthetic opioids: a deadly new trend. J Addict Med. 2017;11:256–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgetti A, Centola C, Giorgetti R. Fentanyl novel derivative-related deaths. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2017;32. doi:10.1002/hup.2605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoff EN, Zaney ME, Kahl JH, et al. Qualitative identification of fentanyl analogs and other opioids in postmortem cases by UHPLC-ion trap-MSn. J Anal Toxicol. 2017;41:484–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer JB, Janssen J, Luckasevic TM, et al. Report of increasing overdose deaths that include acetyl fentanyl in multiple counties of the southwestern region of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 2015-2016. J Forensic Sci. 2018;63:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Early Warning System Alert EU. Deaths associated with cyclopropylfentanyl. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 2017; RCS ID: EU-EWS-RCS-AL-2017-0004. [cited 2017 Aug 23].
   Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. Schedules of controlled substances: temporary placement of cyclopropyl fentanyl in schedule 1. Temporary amendment; temporary scheduling order. Fed Regist. 2018;83:469–472.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guitton J, Buronfosse T, Désage M, et al. Possible involvement of multiple cytochrome P450S in fentanyl and sufentanil metabolism as opposed to alfentanil. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997;53:1613–1619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogarty MF, Papsun DM, Logan BK. Analysis of fentanyl and 18 novel fentanyl analogs and metabolites by LC-MS-MS, and report of fatalities associated with methoxyacetylfentanyl and cyclopropylfentanyl. J Anal Toxicol. 2018;42(9):592-604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S, Suzuki S, Lee XP, et al. Studies on 1-(2-phenethyl)-4-(N-propionylanilino)piperidine (fentanyl) and related compounds VII. Quantification of alpha-methylfentanyl metabolites excreted in rat urine. Forensic Sci Int. 2010;195:68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feasel MG, Wohlfarth A, Nilles JM, et al. Metabolism of carfentanil, an ultra-potent opioid, in human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Aaps J. 2016;18:1489–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steuer AE, Williner E, Staeheli SN, et al. Studies on the metabolism of the fentanyl-derived designer drug butyrfentanyl in human in vitro liver preparations and authentic human samples using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Drug Test Anal. 2017;9:1085–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krotulski AJ, Mohr ALA, Papsun DM, et al. Metabolism of novel opioid agonists U-47700 and U-49900 using human liver microsomes with confirmation in authentic urine specimens from drug users. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10:127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maher S, Elliott SP, George S. The analytical challenges of cyclopropylfentanyl and crotonylfentanyl: an approach for toxicological analysis. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10:1483–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselt RC. Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. 11th ed. Foster City (CA): Biomedical publications; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, et al. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics. Crit Care. 2012;16:R136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grapp M, Kaufmann C, Streit F, et al. Systematic forensic toxicological analysis by liquid-chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry in serum and comparison to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int. 2018;287:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney BV, Szmuszkovicz J, Lahti RA, et al. Factors affecting binding of trans-N-[2-(methylamino)cyclohexyl]benzamides at the primary morphine receptor. J Med Chem. 1985;28:1853–1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott SP, Brandt SD, Smith C. The first reported fatality associated with the synthetic opioid 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (U-47700) and implications for forensic analysis. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8:875–879.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coopman V, Blanckaert P, Van Parys G, et al. A case of acute intoxication due to combined use of fentanyl and 3,4-dichloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino)cyclohexyl]-N-methylbenzamide (U-47700). Forensic Sci Int. 2016;266:68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domanski K, Kleinschmidt KC, Schulte JM, et al. Two cases of intoxication with new synthetic opioid, U-47700. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:46–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dziadosz M, Klintschar M, Teske J. Postmortem concentration distribution in fatal cases involving the synthetic opioid U-47700. Int J Legal Med. 2017;131:1555–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan X, Chiravuri S, Kaye AD. Comparing fatal cases involving U-47700. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2016;12:369–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann S, Teifel D, Rothschild M, et al. Tödliche Intoxikation mit dem designer-opioid U-47700 [Fatal intoxication with designer-opioid U-47700]. Toxichem Krimtech. 2018;85:36. German
   Google Scholar
• Koch K, Auwärter V, Hermanns-Clausen M, et al. Mixed intoxication by the synthetic opioid U-47700 and the benzodiazepine flubromazepam with lethal outcome: pharmacokinetic data. Drug Test Anal. 2018;10:1336–1341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White CM. Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75:261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) drug profile. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 15]; Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/kratom#purities
   Google Scholar
• Methoxyacetylfentanyl EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: 2-methoxy-N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]acetamide (methoxyacetylfentanyl) [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jul 15]; Available from: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/7925/20181015_TDAS18002ENN_PDF.pdf
   Google Scholar