References
- Bogert CRD, Campo RD. The Gila monster and its allies. Bull Am Mus Nat Hist. 1956;109:1–238.
- Reiserer RS, Schuett GWS, Beck D. Taxonomic reassessment and conservation status of the beaded lizard, Heloderma horridum (Squamata: Helodermatidae). Amphib Reptile Conserv. 2013;7(1):74–96.
- Phisalix M. Effet de la morsure d’un lézard venimeux d’Arizona, l’Heloderma suspectum Cope. C R Acad Sci. 1911;152:1790–1792.
- Weinstein SA, Smith TL, Kardong KV. Reptile venom glands form, function, and future. In Mackessy SP, editor. Handbook of venoms and toxins of reptiles. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press; 2009. p. 76–84.
- Koludarov I, Jackson TN, Sunagar K, et al. Fossilized venom: the unusually conserved venom profiles of Heloderma species (beaded lizards and Gila monsters). Toxins. 2014;6(12):3582–3595.
- Sanggaard KW, Dyrlund TF, Thomsen LR, et al. Characterization of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum suspectum) venom proteome. J Proteomics. 2015;117:1–11.
- Russell FE, Bogert CM. Gila monster: its biology, venom and bite—a review. Toxicon. 1981;19(3):341–359.
- Raufman JP. Bioactive peptides from lizard venoms. Regul Pept. 1996;61(1):1–18.
- Miller MF. Gila monster envenomation. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25(5):720.
- Amri K, Chippaux JP. Report of a severe Heloderma suspectum envenomation. Clin Toxicol. 2020;:1–4. DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1804574.
- French R, Brooks D, Ruha AM, et al. Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) envenomation: Descriptive analysis of calls to United States Poison Centers with focus on Arizona cases. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(1):60–70.
- Woodson WD. Toxicity of Heloderma venom. Herpetologica. 1947;1:31–33.
- Grant ML, Henderson LJ. A case of Gila monster poisoning with a summary of some previous accounts. Proc Iowa Acad Sci. 1957;64:686–697.
- Duellman WE. A case of Heloderma poisoning. Copeia. 1950;1950(2):151.
- Shannon FA. Case reports of two Gila monster bites. Herpetologica. 1953;9(3):125–127.
- Albritton DC, Parrish HM, Allen ER. Venenation by the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum): report of a case. S Dakota J Med. 1970;23(4):9–11.
- Stahnke HL, Heffron WA, Lewis DL. Bite of the Gila monster. Rocky Mtn Med J. 1970;67:25–30.
- Roller JA. Gila monster bite: a case report. Clin Toxicol. 1977;10(4):423–427.
- Roller JA, Davis DH. Letter: Gila monster bite. JAMA. 1976;235(3):249–250.
- Heitschel S. Near death from a Gila monster bite. J Emerg Nurs. 1986;12(5):259–262.
- Piacentine J, Curry SC, Ryan PJ. Life-threatening anaphylaxis following Gila monster bite. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15(8):959–961.
- Streiffer RH. Bite of the venomous lizard, the Gila monster. Postgrad Med. 1986;79(2):297–302.
- Bou-Abboud CF, Kardassakis DG. Acute myocardial infarction following a Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) bite. West J Med. 1988;148(5):577–579.
- Preston CA. Hypotension, myocardial infarction, and coagulopathy following Gila monster bite. J Emerg Med. 1989;7(1):37–40.
- Hooker KR, Caravati EM, Hartsell SC. Gila monster envenomation [published correction appears in Ann Emerg Med 1995 Jan;25(1):47]. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;24(4):731–735.
- Strimple PD, Tomassoni AJ, Otten EJ, et al. Report on envenomation by a Gila monster Heloderma suspectum with a discussion of venom apparatus, clinical findings, and treatment. Wilderness Environ Med. 1997;8(2):111–116.2.3.CO;2]
- Cantrell FL. Envenomation by the Mexican beaded lizard: a case report. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(3):241–244.
- Ariano-Sánchez D. Envenomation by a wild Guatemalan Beaded Lizard Heloderma horridum charlesbogerti. Clin Toxicol. 2008;46(9):897–899.
- French RN, Ash J, Brooks DE. Gila monster bite. Clin Toxicol. 2012;50(2):151–152.
- Wong OF, Cheung WH, Fung HT, et al. A case of Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) bite. Hong Kong J Emerg Med. 2018;25(6):362–365.
- Hendon RA, Tu AT. Biochemical characterization of the lizard toxin gilatoxin. Biochemistry. 1981;20(12):3517–3522.
- Alagón A, Possani LD, Smart J, et al. Helodermatine, a kallikrein-like, hypotensive enzyme from the venom of Heloderma horridum horridum (Mexican beaded lizard). J Exp Med. 1986;164(6):1835–1845.
- Nikai T, Imai K, Sugihara H, et al. Isolation and characterization of horridum toxin with arginine ester hydrolase activity from Heloderma horridum (beaded lizard) venom. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1988;264(1):270–280.
- Utaisincharoen P, Mackessy SP, Miller RA, et al. Complete primary structure and biochemical properties of gilatoxin, a serine protease with kallikrein-like and angiotensin-degrading activities. J Biol Chem. 1993;268(29):21975–21983.,
- Bas M, Adams V, Suvorava T, et al. Nonallergic angioedema: role of bradykinin. Allergy. 2007;62(8):842–856.
- Abroug F, Souheil E, Ouanes I, et al. Ouanes Besbes L. Scorpion-related cardiomyopathy: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatment. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(6):511–518.
- Madias JE. Scorpion envenomation cardiomyopathy: a promising model for takotsubo syndrome. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53(7):787
- Patterson RA, Lee IS. Effects of Heloderma suspectum venom on blood coagulation. Toxicon. 1969;7(4):321–324.
- Huang TF, Chiang HS. Effect on human platelet aggregation of phospholipase A2 purified from Heloderma horridum (beaded lizard) venom. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994;1211(1):61–68.
- Uddman R, Goadsby PJ, Jansen-Olesen I, et al. Helospectin-like peptides: immunochemical localization and effects on isolated cerebral arteries and on local cerebral blood flow in the cat. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1999;19(1):61–67.
- Cardell M, Cardell LO. Helospectin, induces a potent relaxation of human airways in vitro. Peptides. 2001;22(9):1359–1362.
- Parker DS, Raufman JP, O'Donohue TL, et al. Amino acid sequences of helospectins, new members of the glucagon superfamily, found in Gila monster venom. J Biol Chem. 1984;259(19):11751–11755.,
- Naruse S, Yasui A, Kishida S, et al. Helodermin has a VIP-like effect upon canine blood flow. Peptides. 1986;7(Suppl1):237–240.
- Furman BL. The development of Byetta (exenatide) from the venom of the Gila monster as an anti-diabetic agent. Toxicon. 2012;59(4):464–471.
- Russell FE. Snake venom poisoning. JB Lippincott Co, Philadelphia. 1980. 395–419.
- Clements JA, Nimmo WS, Grant IS. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic activity of ketamine in humans. J Pharm Sci. 1982;71(5):539–542.
- Brandehoff N, Benjamin JM, Balde C, et al. Ketamine for pain control of snake envenomation in Guinea: a case series. Toxicon. 2020;187:82–85.
- LoVecchio F, Klemens J, Welch S, et al. Antibiotics after rattlesnake envenomation. J Emerg Med. 2002;23(4):327–328.
- Terry P, Mackway-Jones K. Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. The use of antibiotics in venomous snake bite. Emerg Med J. 2002;19(1):48–49.
- Sachett JAG, da Silva IM, Alves EC, et al. Poor efficacy of preemptive amoxicillin clavulanate for preventing secondary infection from Bothrops snakebites in the Brazilian Amazon: a randomized controlled clinical trial. PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(7):e0005745.