Moderate-to-severe Vipera berus envenoming requiring ViperaTAb antivenom therapy in the UK

References

• Coulson JM, Cooper G, Krishna C, et al. Snakebite enquiries to the UK National Poisons Information Service: 2004-2010. Emerg Med J. 2013;30:932–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson G, Eagling VA, Lupton DJ, et al. Native British snake bites in the UK: an estimation of occurence and antivenom usage. Abstract. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54:461–462.
   Google Scholar
• Warrell D. Treatment of bites by adders and exotic venomous snakes (vol 331, pg 1244, 2005). BMJ. 2006;332:1244–1247.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid HA. Adder bites in Britain. Br Med J. 1976;2:153–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb T, de Haro L, Lonati D, et al. Antivenom for European Vipera species envenoming. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:557–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtović T, Brvar M, Karabuva S, et al. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Vipera ammodytes snakebites treated with currently available antivenoms. Abstract. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57:505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Annex 5, WHO Guidelines for the Production, Control and Regulation of Snake Antivenom Immunoglobulins. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization, Sixty-seventh report; 2017. p. 197–388.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer WP, Habib AG, Onayade AA, et al. First clinical experiences with a new ovine Fab Echis ocellatus snake bite antivenom in Nigeria: randomized comparative trial with Institute Pasteur Serum (Ipser) Africa antivenom. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1997;56:291–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush SP, Ruha A-M, Seifert SA, et al. Comparison of F (ab’) 2 versus Fab antivenom for pit viper envenomation: a prospective, blinded, multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casewell NR, Al-Abdulla I, Smith D, et al. Immunological cross-reactivity and neutralisation of European viper venoms with the monospecific Vipera berus antivenom ViperaTAb. Toxins. 2014;6:2471–2482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson-Stiber C, Salmondson H, Persson H. Antivenom treatment in Vipera berus bites – repeated administration in 66 cases treated during the period 1995 to 2008. Abstract. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47:436–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson-Stiber C, Salmonson H, Persson H. A nationwide study of Vipera berus bites during one year-epidemiology and morbidity of 231 cases. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44:25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson‐Stiber C, Persson H, Heath A, et al. First clinical experiences with specific sheep Fab fragments in snake bite. Report of a multicentre study of Vipera berus envenoming. J Intern Med. 1997;241:53–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson H. Envenoming by European vipers antivenom treatment–influence on morbidity. Przegl Lek. 2001;58:223–225.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grönlund J, Vuori A, Nieminen S. Adder bites. A report of 68 cases. Scand J Surg. 2003;92:171–174.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hønge BL, Hedegaard SK, Cederstrøm S, et al. Hospital contacts after bite by the European adder (Vipera berus). Dan Med J. 2015;62:A5022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Personne M, Hultén P. The need of a second antivenom dose after snake bites by Vipera berus. Abstract. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapatto-Reiniluoto O, Grönlund J. Severity of Vipera berus bites in Finland. Abstract. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:274–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlson-Stiber C, Persson H. Antivenom treatment in Vipera berus envenoming-report of 30 cases. J Intern Med. 1994;235:57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boels D, Hamel JF, Le Roux G, et al. Snake bites by European vipers in Mainland France in 2017–2018: comparison of two antivenoms Viperfav® and Viperatab®. Clin Toxicol. 2020;58:1050–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boels D, Hamel JF, Deguigne MB, et al. European viper envenomings: assessment of Viperfav™ and other symptomatic treatments. Clin Toxicol. 2012;50:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jollivet V, Hamel JF, de Haro L, et al. European viper envenomation recorded by French poison control centers: a clinical assessment and management study. Toxicon. 2015;108:97–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brvar M, Kurtović T, Grenc D, et al. Vipera ammodytes bites treated with antivenom ViperaTAb: a case series with pharmacokinetic evaluation. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Newsroom. Snake bite victims in UK wait too long for treatment. The Scotsman; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Usbourne S. How to avoid being bitten by a snake – and what to do if you are. The Guardian; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Audebert F, Sorkine M, Robbe-Vincent A, et al. Viper bites in France: clinical and biological evaluation; kinetics of envenomations. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1994;13:683–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer LV, Chase PB, Degan JA, et al. Subacute coagulopathy in a randomized, comparative trial of Fab and F(ab')2 antivenoms. Toxicon. 2013;74:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casewell NR, Jackson TN, Laustsen AH, et al. Causes and consequences of snake venom variation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2020;41:570–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti G, Duregotti E, Locatelli CA, et al. Variability in venom composition of European viper subspecies limits the cross-effectiveness of antivenoms. Sci Rep. 2018;8:9818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León G, Herrera M, Segura Á, et al. Pathogenic mechanisms underlying adverse reactions induced by intravenous administration of snake antivenoms. Toxicon. 2013;76:63–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malasit P, Warrell DA, Chanthavanich P, et al. Prediction, prevention, and mechanism of early (anaphylactic) antivenom reactions in victims of snake bites. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;292:17–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawrse N, Palmer J, Hayes C, et al. A snake in the clinical grass: late compartment syndrome in a child bitten by an adder. Br J Plast Surg. 2002;55:434–435.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Türkmen A, Temel M. Algorithmic approach to the prevention of unnecessary fasciotomy in extremity snake bite. Injury. 2016;47:2822–2827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darracq MA, Cantrell FL, Klauk B, et al. A chance to cut is not always a chance to cure- fasciotomy in the treatment of rattlesnake envenomation: a retrospective poison center study. Toxicon. 2015;101:23–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry SC, Horning D, Brady P, et al. The legitimacy of rattlesnake bites in central Arizona. Ann Emerg Med. 1989;18:658–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar