References
- PubChem. Compound Summary for CID 768, Hydrogen Cyanide: National Centre for Biotechnology Information; 2020. [28th October 2020]. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hydrogen-cyanide.
- US EPA. US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Toxicological Review of Hydrogen Cyanide and Cyanide Salts. In: In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Washington DC2010 [17th Nov 2020. Available from: https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/recordisplay.cfm?deid=227766.
- Gresham C, LoVecchio F. Ch198: Industrial toxins. In: Tintinalli’s emergency medicine. 7th ed. Section 15; Chapter 198. New York (NY): McGraw Hill Medical; 2011.
- Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2018 Annual report of the american association of poison control centers' national poison data system (NPDS): 36th annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(12):1220–1413. Dec
- ATSDR. Toxicological Profile for Cyanide US Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; 2006. [13th Nov 2020]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp.asp?id=72&tid=19.
- Hoffman RC. 121 Cyanide and hydrogen sulphide. In: Goldfrank’s manual of toxicologic emergencies. Vol. Chapter 121. New York (NY): McGraw Hill Medical; 2007.
- Nelson L. Acute cyanide toxicity: mechanisms and manifestations. J Emerg Nurs. 2006;32(4 Suppl):S8–S11.
- Ellison D. Ch 7 COX-Inhibiting agents. In: Handbook of chemical and biological warfare agents. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; 2008.
- Anseeuw K, Delvau N, Burillo-Putze G, et al. Cyanide poisoning by fire smoke inhalation: a european expert consensus. Eur J Emerg Med. 2013;20(1):2–9. Feb
- Koschel MJ. Management of the cyanide-poisoned patient. J Emerg Nurs. 2006;32(4 Suppl):S19–S26.
- Gwilt JR. The odour of (potassium) cyanide. Med Leg J. 1961;29:98–99.
- Parker-Cote JL, Rizer J, Vakkalanka JP, et al. Challenges in the diagnosis of acute cyanide poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(7):609–617. Jul
- Gill JR, Marker E, Stajic M. Suicide by cyanide: 17 deaths. J Forensic Sci. 2004;49(4):826–828.
- Moriya F, Hashimoto Y. Potential for error when assessing blood cyanide concentrations in fire victims. J Forensic Sci. 2001;46(6):1421–1425. Nov
- Shusterman D, Alexeeff G, Hargis C, et al. Predictors of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide exposure in smoke inhalation patients. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1996;34(1):61–71.
- NPIS. National Poisons Information Service Report 2019/20. PHE Publications2020.
- Al-Banaa I, Hawkins L, Hill SL, et al. Effect of the UK psychoactive substances act 2016 on episodes of toxicity related to new psychoactive substances as reported to the national poisons information service. A time series analysis. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;77:102672. Mar
- Bateman DN, Eagling V, Sandilands EA, et al. Iron overdose epidemiology, clinical features and iron concentration-effect relationships: the UK experience 2008-2017. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(11):1098–1106. Nov
- Henke D, Campbell A, Bradberry SM, et al. Toxicity from fluoropolymer-containing grout, tile and stone floor sealants reported to the UK national poisons information service 2009-2015. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55(6):585–588. Jul
- Persson HE, Sjöberg GK, Haines JA, et al. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1998;36(3):205–213.
- NPIS. TOXBASE: Hydrogen Cyanide 2019. [29th October 2020]. Available from: https://www.toxbase.org/Poisons-Index-A-Z/H-Products/Hydrogen-Cyanide–––/.
- Resus Council UK. Consensus Paper on Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in England 2015. [4th Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.resus.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-05/OHCA_consensus_paper.pdf.
- Baud FJ, Barriot P, Toffis V, et al. Elevated blood cyanide concentrations in victims of smoke inhalation. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(25):1761–1766. Dec 19
- Baud FJ, Borron SW, Mégarbane B, et al. Value of lactic acidosis in the assessment of the severity of acute cyanide poisoning. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(9):2044–2050. Sep
- RCEM. Royal College of Emergency Medicine and National Poisons Information Service Guideline on Antidote Availability for Emergency Departments 2017. [10th Jan 2021]. Available from: https://www.rcem.ac.uk/docs/College%20Guidelines/RCEM%20NPIS%20Antidote%20Guideline%20List.pdf.
- Higgins MA, Evans R. Antidotes-inappropriate timely availability. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000;19(9):485–488. Sep
- Mitchell LJ, Higginson I, Smith JE, et al. 'Do you know where your cyanide kit is?': a study of perceived and actual antidote availability to emergency departments in the South West of England. Emerg Med J. 2013;30(1):43–48.