References
- Spencer MR, Minino AM, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 2001–2021. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US); 2022.
- Kariisa M, Scholl L, Wilson N, et al. Drug overdose deaths involving cocaine and psychostimulants with abuse potential—United States, 2003–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(17):388–395. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6817a3.
- Hassan AN, Le Foll B. Polydrug use disorders in individuals with opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:28–33. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.01.031.
- Park JN, Schneider KE, Fowler D, et al. Polysubstance overdose deaths in the fentanyl era: a latent class analysis. J Addict Med. 2022;16(1):49–55. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000823.
- Golladay M, Donner K, Nechuta S. Using statewide death certificate data to understand trends and characteristics of polydrug overdose deaths in Tennessee, 2013–2017. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;41:43–48.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.12.001.
- Rhee TG, Ross JS, Rosenheck RA, et al. Accidental drug overdose deaths in Connecticut, 2012–2018: the rise of polysubstance detection? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;205:107671. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107671.
- Gupta R, Holtgrave DR, Ashburn MA. Xylazine—medical and public health imperatives. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(24):2209–2212. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2303120.
- The Growing Threat of xylazine and its mixture with illicit drugs. Springfield (VA): US Drug Enforcement Administration; 2022. Available from: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2022-12/The%20Growing%20Threat%20of%20Xylazine%20and%20its%20Mixture%20with%20Illicit%20Drugs.pdf
- Kariisa M, O’Donnell J, Kumar S, et al. Illicitly manufactured fentanyl–involved overdose deaths with detected xylazine—United States, January 2019–June 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(26):721–727. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7226a4.
- Kariisa M, Patel P, Smith H, et al. Notes from the field: xylazine detection and involvement in drug overdose deaths—United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(37):1300–1302. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7037a4.
- Friedman J, Montero F, Bourgois P, et al. Xylazine spreads across the US: a growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;233:109380. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109380.
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. Michigan overdose data to action dashboard: specific drug trends. 2023 [cited 2023 Sep 6]. Available from: https://www.michigan.gov/opioids/category-data
- D’Orazio J, Nelson L, Perrone J, et al. Xylazine adulteration of the Heroin-Fentanyl drug supply: a narrative review. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(10):1370–1376. doi: 10.7326/M23-2001.
- Kacinko SL, Mohr ALA, Logan BK, et al. Xylazine: pharmacology review and prevalence and drug combinations in forensic toxicology casework. J Anal Toxicol. 2022;46(8):911–917. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkac049.
- Ball NS, Knable BM, Relich TA, et al. Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review. Clin Toxicol. 2022;60(8):892–901. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2063135.
- Briellmann TA, Rickli R, Jenny C. A fatal intoxication with xylazine. Basel, Switzerland: Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry; 1994. p. 28–30. Report No.: 1.
- Ayub S, Parnia S, Poddar K, et al. Xylazine in the opioid epidemic: a systematic review of case reports and clinical implications. Cureus. 2023;15(3):e36864. doi: 10.7759/cureus.36864.
- Love JS, Levine M, Aldy K, et al. Opioid overdoses involving xylazine in emergency department patients: a multicenter study. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023;61(3):173–180. doi: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2159427.
- Logan BK, Kacinko SL, Menendez MJ, et al. Appropriate consideration and interpretation of xylazine in deaths involving fentanyl [abstract]. National Association of Medical Examiners (NAME) Annual Meeting; October 13–17, 2023; San Jose, CA.