Pest controllers: A high-risk group for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)?

References

• Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987; 2: 655–661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schettgen T, Koch HM, Drexler H, Angerer J. New gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for the determination of urinary pyrethroid metabolites in environmental medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 778: 121–130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wittchen HU, Wunderlich U, Gruschwitz S, Zaudig M. SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse I: Psychische Störungen. Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie, Göttingen, Bern, Toronto, Seattle 1997
   Google Scholar
• Fydrich T, Renneberg B, Schmitz B, Wittchen HU. SKID II. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Achse II: Persönlichkeitsstörungen. Hogrefe Verlag für Psychologie, Göttingen, Bern, Toronto, Seatte 1997
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R, administration, scoring & procedures manual-I for the R(evised) version. Johns Hopkins University Press. 1977
   Google Scholar
• Franke GH. SCL-90-R. Die Symptom-Checkliste von Derogatis – Deutsche Version. Beltz, Göttingen 1995
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, Calif 1970
   Google Scholar
• Laux L, Glanzmann P, Schaffner P, Spielberger CD. State Trait Angst Inventar (STAI). Beltz Testgesellschaft, Weinheim 1981
   Google Scholar
• Bach M, Bach D, de Zwaan M, Serim M, Bohmer F. Validation of the German version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale in normal persons and psychiatric patients. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 1996; 46: 23–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hautzinger M, Bailer M, Worall H, Keller F. Beck Depressions Inventar (BDI) Testhandbuch. Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, Göttingen, Toronto, Seattle 1995
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersFourth. Washington, D.C. 1994
   Google Scholar
• Miller CS, Prihoda TJ. The Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (EESI): A standardized approach for measuring chemical intolerances for research and clinical applications. Toxicol Ind Health 1999; 15: 370–385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frentzel-Beyme R. Schnellinventur für Umweltfaktoren und erhöhte Sensitivität (SUS) auf der Basis des Quick Environmental Exposure and Sensitivity Inventory (QEESI) nach Miller und Mitzel 1995. Medizin und Umwelt 1999; 12: 35–40
   Google Scholar
• Lehrl S. Mehrfach-Wortschatz-Test2nd. Perimed Spitta, Nürnberg 1992
   Google Scholar
• Oswald WD, Roth E. Zahlen-Verbindungs-Test (ZVT). Handanweisung 2nd revised and extended. Hogrefe, Göttingen 1997
   Google Scholar
• Reitan RM. Validity of the trailmaking test as an indication of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1958; 8: 271–276
   Google Scholar
• Tewes U. Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Erwachsene – Revision (HAWIE-R). Huber, Bern 1991
   Google Scholar
• Brickenkamp R. Aufmerksamkeits-Belastungs-Test (d2). Hogrefe, Göttingen 2002
   Google Scholar
• Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test. Psychological Corporation Psychtest, New York 1987
   Google Scholar
• Niemann H, Köhler S, Sturm S, Willmes K, Gottland S, Saß C. Der California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT): Daten zu einer autorisierten deutschen Version. Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 1999; 10: 220–221
   Google Scholar
• Bornschein S, Hausteiner C, Konrad F, Forstl H, Zilker T. Psychiatric morbidity and toxic burden in patients with environmental illness: a controlled study. Psychosom Med 2006; 68: 104–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornschein S, Hausteiner C, Zilker T, Forstl H. Psychiatric and somatic disorders and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) in 264 ‘environmental patients’. Psychol Med 2002; 32: 1387–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausteiner C, Mergeay A, Bornschein S, Zilker T, Forstl H. New aspects of psychiatric morbidity in idiopathic environmental intolerances. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48: 76–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge WN. An assessment of the toxicological properties of pyrethroids and their neurotoxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol 1990; 21: 89–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeQuesne PM, Maxwell IC, Butterworth STG. Transient facial sensory symptoms following exposure to synthetic pyrethroids: a clinical and electrophysiological assessment. Neurotoxicology 1980; 2: 1–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng G, Ranft U, Sugiri D, Hadnagy W, Berger-Preiß E, Idel H. Pyrethroids used indoors – Biological monitoring of exposure to pyrethroids following an indoor pest control operation. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2003; 206: 85–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altenkirch H, Hopmann D, Brockmeier B, Walter G. Neurological investigations in 23 cases of pyrethroid intoxication reported to the German Federal Health Office. Neurotoxicology 1996; 17: 645–651
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller-Mohnssen H, Hahn K. A new method for early detection of neurotoxic diseases (exemplified by pyrethroid poisoning). Gesundheitswesen 1995; 57: 214–222
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasterlack M, Dietz M, Comment on Müller-Mohnssen H, Hahn K. A method for early detection of neurotoxic diseases. Gesundheitswesen 1996; 58: 49–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altenkirch H. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS) – Differential diagnosis in clinical neurotoxicology: A German perspective. Neurotoxicology 2000; 21: 689–598
   Google Scholar
• Kolaczinski JH, Curtis CF. Chronic illness as a result of low-level exposure to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a review of the debate. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42: 679–706
   Google Scholar
• Wieseler B, Kuhn K, Leng G, Idel H. Effects of pyrethroid insecticides on pest control operators. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1998; 60: 837–844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZW, Sun JX, Chen SY, Wu YQ, He FS. Levels of exposure and biological monitoring of pyrethroids in spraymen. Br J Ind Med 1991; 48: 82–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bolla KI. Neurobehavioral performance in multiple chemical sensitivities. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 1996; 24: S52–S54
   Google Scholar
• Jacobi F, Wittchen HU, Hölting C, Höfler M, Pfister H, Müller N, Lieb R. Prevalence, co-morbidity and correlates of mental disorders in the general population: results from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey (GHS). Psychol Med 2004; 34: 597–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkonigg A, Wittchen HU. Epidemiologie von Angststörungen. Angst- und Panikerkrankungen, J-J Möller. Fischer, Jena, Stuttgart 1995
   Google Scholar
• Maier W, Lichtermann D, Klinger T, Heun R, Hallmayer J. Prevalence of disorders (DSM-III-R) in the community. J Person Disord 1992; 6: 187–196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joraschky P, Anders M, Kraus T, Stix M. Umweltbezogene Ängste und Körperbeschwerden. Nervenheilkunde 1998; 17: 48–53
   Google Scholar
• Hausteiner C, Bornschein S, Hansen J, Zilker T, Forstl H. Self-reported chemical sensitivity in Germany: A population-based survey. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208: 271–278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar