217
Views
35
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Case Report

Abrupt awakening phenomenon associated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate use: A case series

, , , , , & show all
Pages 533-538 | Received 23 Jan 2006, Accepted 29 Sep 2006, Published online: 07 Oct 2008

References

  • Wong CGT, Chan KFY, Gibson KM, Snead OCI. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: Neurobiology and toxicology of a recreational drug. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 3–20
  • Cash CD. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: An overview of the pros and cons for it being a neurotransmitter and/or a useful therapeutic agent. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1994; 18: 291–304
  • Kleinschmidt S, Grundmann U, Knocke T, Silomon M, Bach F, Larsen R. Total intravenous anaesthesia with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and sufentanil in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a comparison in patients with unimpaired and impaired left ventricular function. Eur J Anaesth 1998; 15: 559–64
  • Soltész S, Silomon M, Biedler A, Kleinschmidt S, Benak J, Molter GP. Gammahydroxybutyric acid-ethanolamide (LK 544). The suitability of LK 544 for sedation of patients in intensive care in comparison with midazolam. Anaesthesist 2001; 50: 323–8
  • Kleinschmidt S, Schellhase C, Merzlufft F. Continuous sedation during spinal anaesthesia: gamma-hydroxybutyrate versus propofol. Eur J Anaesth 1999; 16: 23–30
  • Gallimberti L, Spella MR, Soncini CA, Gessa GL. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol and heroin dependence. Alcohol 2000; 20: 257–62
  • Scrima L, Hartman PG, Johnson FHJ, Thomas E, Hiller FC. The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: A double-blind study. Sleep 1990; 13: 479–90
  • Chin RL, Sporer KA, Cullison B, Dyer JE, Wu TD. Clinical course of gamma−hydroxybutyrate overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 716–22
  • Zvosec DL, Smith SW, McCutcheon JR, Spillane J, Hall BJ, Peacock EA. Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4‐butanediol. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 87–94
  • Van Sassenbroeck DK, Calle PA, Rousseau FM, Verstraete Alain G, Belpaire FM, Monsieurs KG, Haentjens R, Allonsius J, van Brantegen J, Heanen W, Buglaert WA. Medical problems related to recreational drug use at nocturnal dance parties. Eur J Emerg Med 2003; 10: 302–8
  • Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: Seven cases of gamma−hydroxybutyric acid overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 723–8
  • Li J, Stokes SA, Woeckener A. A tale of novel intoxication: a review of the effects of gamma−hydroxybutyric acid with recommendations for management. Ann Emerg Med 1998; 31: 729–36
  • Louagie HK, Verstraete AG, De Soete CJ, Baetens DG, Calle PA. A sudden awakening from near coma after combined intake of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and ethanol. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 591–4
  • Miro O, Nogué S, Espinosa G, To-Figueras J, Sanchez M. Trends in illicit drug emergencies: the emerging role of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 129–35
  • Mason PE, Kerns WPI. Gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) intoxication. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 730–739
  • Wolfe RE, Brown DFM. Coma and depressed level of consciousness. Rosen's Emergency Medicine5th, JA Marx. Mosby, St. Louis, MO 2002
  • Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. Lancet 1974; 7872: 81–4
  • de Vriendt CA, Van Sassenbroeck DK, Rosseel MT, van de Velde EJ, Verstraete AG, Vander Heyden Y, Belpaire FM. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rat plasma. J Chromatography B 2001; 752: 85–90
  • Kintz P, Cirimele V, Papini G, Marquet P, Deveaux M, Murra P. Identification dosage des cannabinoides dans le sang total. Toxicorama 1996; 8: 29–33
  • Weir E. Raves: A review of the culture, the drugs and the prevention of harm. Can Med Ass J 2000; 162: 1843–8
  • Gross SR, Barrett SP, Shestowsky JS, Pihl RO. Ecstasy and drug consumption patterns: A Canadian rave population study. Can J Psychiatry 2002; 47: 546–51
  • Colfax GN, Mansergh G, Guzman R, Vittinghoff E, Marks G, Rader M, Buchbinder S. Drug use and sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men who attend circuit parties: A venue-based comparison. JAIDS 2001; 28: 373–9
  • Van Sassenbroeck DK, Verstraete AG, Monsieurs KG, Calle PA, Buylaert WA. Acute illicit drug intoxications at Europe's largest indoor rave party. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 262, (abstract)
  • Bellis MA, Hale G, Bennett A, Chaudry M, Kilfoye M. Ibiza uncovered: Changes in substance use and sexual behaviour amongst young people visiting an international night-life resort. Int J Drug Policy 2000; 11: 235–44
  • Schwartz RH, Miller NS. MDMA (Ecstasy) and the rave: A review. Pediatrics 1997; 100: 705–8
  • Ramsey JD, Johnston A, Holt DW. Death rate from use of ecstasy or heroin. Lancet 1999; 354: 2166
  • Ramsey JD, Butcher MA, Murphy MF, Lee T, Johnston A, Holt DW. A new method to monitor drugs at dance venues. BMJ 2001; 323: 603
  • Elliott SP. Nonfatal instances of intoxication with gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the United Kingdom. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26: 432–40
  • Zvosec D, Smith SW, Anderson D. Agitation as a common manifestation of GHB intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 619
  • Sporer KA, Chin RL, Dyer JE, Lamb R. Gamma hydroxybutyrate serum levels and clinical syndrome after severe overdose. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 531
  • Degenhardt L, Darke S, Dillon P. The prevalence and correlates of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) overdose among Australian users. Addiction 2003; 98: 199–204
  • Haller C, Thai D, Manktelow TC, Wesnes K, Benowitz N. Cognitive and mood effects of GHB and ethanol in humans. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42: 762
  • Van Sassenbroeck DK, De Paepe P, Belpaire FM, Buylaert WA. Characterization of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between gamma-hydroxybutyrate and ethanol in the rat. Toxicol Sci 2003; 73: 270–8
  • Lamb RJ, Munn J, Duiker NJ, Coop A, Wu H, Koek W, France CP. Interactions of gamma-hydroxybutyrate with ethanol and NCS 382. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 470: 157–62
  • Tarabar AF, Nelson LS. The gamma-hydroxybutyrate withdrawal syndrome. Toxicol Rev 2004; 23: 45–9
  • Kohrs FP, Porter WH. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate intoxication and overdose. Ann Emerg Med 1999; 33: 475–6
  • Jones C. Suspicious death related to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) toxicity. J Clin Forensic Med 2001; 8: 74–6
  • Kam PCA, Yoong FFY. Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: An emerging recreational drug. Anaesthesia 1998; 53: 1195–8
  • Couper FJ, Marinetti LJ. Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)-Effects on human performance and behavior. Forensic Sci Rev 2002; 14: 101–21
  • Ferrara SD, Zotti S, Tedeschi L, Frison G, Castagna F, Gallimberti L, Gessa GL, Palatini P. Pharmacokinetics of gamma−hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 34: 231–5
  • Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Frison G, Padrini R, Zordan R, Orlando R, Gallimberti L, Gessa GL, Ferrara SD. Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993; 45: 353–6
  • van Ginneken CAM, van Rossum JM, Fleuren HLJM. Linear and nonlinear kinetics of drug elimination. I. Kinetics on the basis of a single capacity-limited pathway of elimination with or without simultaneous supply-limited elimination. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1974; 2: 395–415
  • Borgen LA, Okerholm R, Morrison D, Lai A. The influence of gender and food on the pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43: 59–65

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.