References
- Caravati EM, McCowan CL, Marshall SW. Plants. Medical Toxicology3rd, RC Dart. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2004; 1671–1713
- Kalix P. Khat, an amphetamine-like stimulant. J Psychoactive Drugs 1994; 26: 69–74
- Geisshusler S, Brenneisen R. The content of psychoactive phenylpropyl and phenylpentenyl khatamines in Catha edulis Forsk. of different origin. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 19: 269–277
- Jager AD, Sireling L. Natural history of Khat psychosis. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1994; 28: 331–332
- Patel NB. Mechanism of action of cathinone: The active ingredient of khat (Catha edulis). East Afr Med J 2000; 77: 329–332
- Odenwald M, Neuner F, Schauer M, Elbert T, Catani C, Lingenfelder B, Hinkel H, Hafner H, Rockstroh B. Khat use as risk factor for psychotic disorders: A cross-sectional and case-control study in Somalia. BMC Med 2005; 3: 5
- Alem A, Kebede D, Kullgren G. The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of khat chewing in Butajira, Ethiopia. Acta Psychiatr Scand (suppl) 1999; 397: 84–91
- Al-Motarreb A, Baker K, Broadley KJ. Khat: Pharmacological and medical aspects and its social use in Yemen. Phytother Res 2002; 16: 403–413
- Belew M, Kebede D, Kassaye M, Enquoselassie F. The magnitude of khat use and its association with health, nutrition and socio-economic status. Ethiop Med J 2000; 38: 11–26
- http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/intel/02032/02032.html, Khat. Drug Intelligence Brief. Intelligence Production Unit, Intelligence Division, U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, DEA-02032, June 2002.
- Griffiths P, Gossop M, Wickenden S, Dunworth J, Harris K, Lloyd C. A transcultural pattern of drug use: Qat (khat) in the UK. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 281–284
- Nabuzoka D, Badhadhe FA. Use and perception of Khat among young Somalis in a UK city. Addiction Research 2000; 8: 5–26
- Stevenson M, Fitzgerald J, Banwell C. Chewing as a social act: Cultural displacement and khat consumption in East African communities of Melbourne. Drug Alcohol Rev 1996; 15: 73–82
- Litman A, Levav I, Saltz-Rennert H, Maoz B. The use of khat. An epidemiological study in two Yemenite villages in Israel. Cult Med Psychiatry 1986; 10: 389–396
- Watson WA, Litovitz TL, Rodgers GC, Jr, Klein-Schwartz W, Youniss J, Rose SR, Borys D, May ME. 2002 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2003; 21: 353–421
- Persson HE, Sjoberg GK, Haines JA, Pronczuk de Garbino J. Poisoning severity score. Grading of acute poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998; 36: 205–213
- Bentur Y, Cohen O. Dipyrone overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004; 42: 261–265
- Bentur Y, Raikhlin-Eisenkraft B, Lavee M. Toxicological features of deliberate self-poisonings. Hum Exp Toxicol 2004; 23: 331–337
- Kalix P. Catha edulis, a plant that has amphetamine effects. Pharm World Sci 1996; 18: 69–73
- Toennes SW, Harder S, Schramm M, Niess C, Kauert GF. Pharmacokinetics of cathinone, cathine and norephedrine after the chewing of khat leaves. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56: 125–130
- Kalix P. The pharmacology of khat. Gen Pharmacol 1984; 15: 179–187
- Kalix P. Cathinone, a natural amphetamine. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992; 70: 77–86
- Widler P, Mathys K, Brenneisen R, Kalix P, Fisch HU. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of khat: A controlled study. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; 55: 556–562
- Halket JM, Karasu Z, Murray-Lyon IM. Plasma cathinone levels following chewing khat leaves (Catha edulis Forsk.). J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 49: 111–113
- Brenneisen R, Geisshusler S, Schorno X. Metabolism of cathinone to (-)-norephedrine and (-)-norpseudoephedrine. J Pharm Pharmacol 1986; 38: 298–300
- Maitai CK, Mugera GM. Excretion of the active principle of of Catha edulis (Miraa) in human urine. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64: 702–703
- Nencini P, Ahmed AM, Amiconi G, Elmi AS. Tolerance develops to sympathetic effects of khat in humans. Pharmacology 1984; 28: 150–154
- Giannini AJ, Miller NS, Turner CE. Treatment of khat addiction. J Subst Abuse Treat 1992; 9: 379–382
- Halbach H. Medical aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Bull World Health Organ 1972; 47: 21–29
- Mion G, Oberti M, Ali AW. Hypertensive effects of qat. Med Trop (Mars) 1998; 58: 266–268
- Kalix P, Geisshusler S, Brenneisen R, Koelbing U, Fisch HU. Cathinone, a phenylpropylamine alkaolid from khat leaves that has amphetamine effects in humans. NIDA Res Monogr 1991; 105: 289–290
- Hassan NA, Gunaid AA, Abdo-Rabbo AA, Abdel-Kader ZY, Al-Mansoob MA, Awad AY, Murray-Lyon IM. The effect of Qat chewing on blood pressure and heart rate in healthy volunteers. Trop Doct 2000; 30: 107–108
- Al-Motarreb A, Al-Kebsi M, Al-Adhi B, Broadley KJ. Khat chewing and acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2002; 87: 279–280
- Al-Motarreb A, Briancon S, Al-Jaber N, Al-Adhi B, Al-Jailani F, Salek MS, Broadley KJ. Khat chewing is a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction: A case-control study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 59: 574–581
- Nielen RJ, van der Heijden FM, Tuinier S, Verhoeven WM. Khat and mushrooms associated with psychosis. World J Biol Psychiatry 2004; 5: 49–53
- Pantelis C, Hindler CG, Taylor JC. Use and abuse of khat (Catha edulis): A review of the distribution, pharmacology, side effects and a description of psychosis attributed to khat chewing. Psychol Med 1989; 19: 657–668
- Dal Cason TA, Young R, Glennon RA. Cathinone: An investigation of several N – alkyl and methylendioxy – substituted analogs. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1997; 58: 1106–1116