Adverse reactions associated with acetylcysteine

References

• L Prescott. 2005. Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen poisoning?. Ann Emerg Med 45:409–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE Schmidt, K Dalhoff. 2002. Concomitant overdosing of other drugs in patients with paracetamol poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 53:535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AM Larson, J Polson, RJ Fontana, TJ Davern, E Lalani, LS Hynan, JS Reisch, FV Schiødt, G Ostapowicz, AO Shakil, WM Lee, Acute Liver Failure Study Group. 2005. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 42:1364–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IM Whyte, B Francis, AH Dawson. 2007. Safety and efficacy of intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acetaminophen overdose: analysis of the Hunter Area Toxicology Service (HATS) database. Curr Med Res Opin 23:2359–2368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OT Ayonrinde, GJ Phelps, JC Hurley, OA Ayonrinde. 2005. Paracetamol overdose and hepatotoxicity at a regional Australian hospital: a 4-year experience. Intern Med J 35:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SH Thomas, L Bevan, S Bhattacharyya, MG Bramble, K Chew, J Connolly, B Dorani, KH Han, JE Horner, A Rodgers, B Sen, B Tesfayohannes, H Wynne, DN Bateman. 1996. Presentation of poisoned patients to accident and emergency departments in the north of England. Hum Exp Toxicol 15:466–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DN Bateman, AM Good, WJ Laing, CA Kelly. 2002. TOXBASE: poisons information on the internet. Emerg Med J 19:31–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LF Prescott, J Park, A Ballantyne, P Adriaenssens, AT Proudfoot. 1977. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 2:432–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LF Prescott, RN Illingworth, JA Critchley, MJ Stewart, RD Adam, AT Proudfoot. 1979. Intravenous N-acetylcystine: the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning. Br Med J 2:1097–1100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MJ Smilkstein, GL Knapp, KW Kulig, BH Rumack. 1988. Efficacy of oral N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Analysis of the national multicenter study (1976 to 1985). N Engl J Med 319:1557–1562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JA Vale, DC Wheeler. 1982. Anaphylactoid reaction to acetylcysteine. Lancet 2:988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RJ Flanagan, TJ Meredith. 1991. Use of N-acetylcysteine in clinical toxicology. Am J Med 91:131S–139S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MZ Kanter. 2006. Comparison of oral and i.v. acetylcysteine in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Am J Health Syst Pharm 63:1821–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HK Thanacoody, AM Good, WS Waring, DN Bateman. 2008. Survey of cases of paracetamol overdose in the UK referred to National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) consultants. Emerg Med J 25:140–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LW Kao, MA Kirk, RB Furbee, NH Mehta, JR Skinner, EJ Brizendine. 2003. What is the rate of adverse events after oral N-acetylcysteine administered by the intravenous route to patients with suspected acetaminophen poisoning?. Ann Emerg Med 42:741–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MJ Smilkstein, AC Bronstein, C Linden, WL Augenstein, KW Kulig, BH Rumack. 1991. Acetaminophen overdose: a 48-hour intravenous N-acetylcysteine treatment protocol. Ann Emerg Med 20:1058–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SL Mlynarchek, GM Bogdan, K Heard, RC Dart. 2008. Safety profile of oral versus intravenous N-acetylcysteine for acute ingestion of acetaminophen. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NA Buckley, IM Whyte, DL O'Connell, AH Dawson. 1999. Oral or intravenous N-acetylcysteine: which is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning?. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:759–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J Brent. 1993. Are activated charcoal-N-acetylcysteine interactions of clinical significance?. Ann Emerg Med 22:1860–1862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JM Chamberlain, RL Gorman, GM Oderda, W Klein-Schwartz, BL Klein. 1993. Use of activated charcoal in a simulated poisoning with acetaminophen: a new loading dose for N-acetylcysteine?. Ann Emerg Med 22:1398–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BR Ekins, DC Ford, MI Thompson, RR Bridges, DE Rollins, RD Jenkins. 1987. The effect of activated charcoal on N-acetylcysteine absorption in normal subjects. Am J Emerg Med 5:483–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WS Waring, AF Stephen, OD Robinson, MA Dow, JM Pettie. 2008. Lower incidence of anaphylactoid reactions to N-acetylcysteine in patients with high acetaminophen concentrations after overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:496–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MF Bonfiglio, SM Traeger, DT Hulisz, BR Martin. 1992. Anaphylactoid reaction to intravenous acetylcysteine associated with electrocardiographic abnormalities. Ann Pharmacother 26:22–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Bailey, R Blais, A Letarte. 2004. Status epilepticus after a massive intravenous N-acetylcysteine overdose leading to intracranial hypertension and death. Ann Emerg Med 44:401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E Hershkovitz, Z Shorer, A Levitas, A Tal. 1996. Status epilepticus following intravenous N-acetylcysteine therapy. Isr J Med Sci 32:1102–1104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• S Mohammed, AZ Jamal, LR Robison. 1994. Serum sickness-like illness associated with N-acetylcysteine therapy. Ann Pharmacother 28:285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Pakravan, WS Waring, S Sharma, C Ludlam, I Megson, DN Bateman. 2008. Risk factors and mechanisms of anaphylactoid reactions to acetylcysteine in acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:697–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P Valent, WR Sperr, LB Schwartz, HP Horny. 2004. Diagnosis and classification of mast cell proliferative disorders: delineation from immunologic diseases and non-mast cell hematopoietic neoplasms. J Allergy Clin Immunol 114:3–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L Yip, RC Dart, KM Hurlbut. 1998. Intravenous administration of oral N-acetylcysteine. Crit Care Med 26:40–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ME Mullins, RU SchmidtJr., TB Jang. 2004. What is the rate of adverse events with intravenous versus oral N-acetylcysteine in pediatric patients?. Ann Emerg Med 44:547–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Bailey, MA McGuigan. 1998. Management of anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med. 31:710–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE Schmidt, K Dalhoff. 2001. Risk factors in the development of adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine in patients with paracetamol poisoning. Br J Clin Pharmacol 51:87–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W Merl, Z Koutsogiannis, D Kerr, AM Kelly. 2007. How safe is intravenous N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of paracetamol poisoning?. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 14:198–203.
   Google Scholar
• RM Lynch, R Robertson. 2004. Anaphylactoid reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine: a prospective case controlled study. Accid Emerg Nurs 12:10–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• TY Chan, JA Critchley. 1994. Adverse reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine in Chinese patients with paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 13:542–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Kerr, A Dawson, IM Whyte, N Buckley, L Murray, A Graudins, B Chan, B Trudinger. 2005. The Australasian Clinical Toxicology Investigators Collaboration randomized trial of different loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 45:402–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DN Bateman, KW Woodhouse, MD Rawlins. 1984. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine. Hum Toxicol 3:393–398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DN Bateman, KW Woodhouse, MD Rawlins. 1984. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine. Lancet 2:228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N Cassidy, JA Tracey, SA Drew. 2008. Cardiac arrest following therapeutic administration of N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 46:921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TT Knudsen, S Thorsen, SA Jensen, K Dalhoff, LE Schmidt, U Becker, F Bendtsen. 2005. Effect of intravenous N-acetylcysteine infusion on haemostatic parameters in healthy subjects. Gut 54:515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F Gheshlagi, N Izadi-Mood, R Amini, G Montazeri. 2005. Prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous N-acetylcysteine in acetaminophen poisoned patients. Clin Toxicol 43:514–515.
   Google Scholar
• AH Dawson, DA Henry, J McEwen. 1989. Adverse reactions to N-acetylcysteine during treatment for paracetamol poisoning. Med J Aust 150:329–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TG Mant, JH Tempowski, GN Volans, JC Talbot. 1984. Adverse reactions to acetylcysteine and effects of overdose. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 289:217–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LS Mroz, JG Benitez, EP Krenzelok. 1997. Angioedema with oral N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 30:240–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AV Appelboam, PI Dargan, J Knighton. 2002. Fatal anaphylactoid reaction to N-acetylcysteine: caution in patients with asthma. Emerg Med J 19:594–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RE Ferner, NJ Langford, C Anton, A Hutchings, DN Bateman, PA Routledge. 2001. Random and systematic medication errors in routine clinical practice: a multicentre study of infusions, using acetylcysteine as an example. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:573–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LE Schmidt, TT Knudsen, K Dalhoff, F Bendtsen. 2002. Effect of acetylcysteine on prothrombin index in paracetamol poisoning without hepatocellular injury. Lancet 360:1151–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Jepsen, AB Hansen. 1994. The influence of N-acetylcysteine on the measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in healthy subjects. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 54:543–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PM Harrison, JG O'Grady, RT Keays, GJ Alexander, R Williams. 1990. Serial prothrombin time as prognostic indicator in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure. BMJ 301:964–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IM Whyte, M Seldon, NA Buckley, AH Dawson. 2003. Effect of paracetamol poisoning on international normalised ratio. Lancet 361:429–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HA Sampson, A Munoz-Furlong, RL Campbell, NF AdkinsonJr., SA Bock, A Branum, SG Brown, CA CamargoJr., R Cydulka, SJ Galli, J Gidudu, RS Gruchalla, AD HarlorJr., DL Hepner, LM Lewis, PL Lieberman, DD Metcalfe, R O'Connor, A Muraro, A Rudman, C Schmitt, D Scherrer, FE Simons, S Thomas, JP Wood, WW Decker. 2006. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report – second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. Ann Emerg Med 47:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PW van der Linden, CE Hack, J Poortman, YC Vivie-Kipp, A Struyvenberg, JK van der Zwan. 1992. Insect-sting challenge in 138 patients: relation between clinical severity of anaphylaxis and mast cell activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 90:110–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W Dorsch, E Auch, P Powerlowicz. 1987. Adverse effects of acetylcysteine on human and guinea pig bronchial asthma in vivo and on human fibroblasts and leukocytes in vitro. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 82:33–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• KE Barrett, JR Minor, DD Metcalfe. 1985. Histamine secretion induced by N-acetyl cysteine. Agents Actions 16:144–146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LF Prescott, JW Donovan, DR Jarvie, AT Proudfoot. 1989. The disposition and kinetics of intravenous N-acetylcysteine in patients with paracetamol overdosage. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37:501–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W Sunman, AD Hughes, PS Sever. 1992. Anaphylactoid response to intravenous acetylcysteine. Lancet 339:1231–1232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Butera, J Georgatos, S Arrigoni, D Lonati, V Petrolini, C Locatelli, L Manzo. 2005. Adverse reactions to intravenous acetylcysteine: effects of reducing the infusion rate of the loading dose. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 43:437–438.
   Google Scholar
• JW Donovan, MJ Gorayeb, KW Kulig, BH Rumack. 1990. Adverse reactions to slow infusion of intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Vet Hum Toxicol 32:347.
   Google Scholar
• AF Manini, C Snider. 2006. Intravenous loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 47:123–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IB Gawarammana, SL Greene, PI Dargan, AL Jones. 2006. Australian Clinical Toxicology Investigators Collaboration randomized trial of different loading infusion rates of N-acetylcysteine. Ann Emerg Med 47:124–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RC Sprong, AM Winkelhuyzen-Janssen, CJ Aarsman, JF van Oirschot, BT van der, BS van Asbeck. 1998. Low-dose N-acetylcysteine protects rats against endotoxin-mediated oxidative stress, but high-dose increases mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:1283–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TK Mukherjee, AK Mishra, S Mukhopadhyay, JR Hoidal. 2007. High concentration of antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and mitoquinone-Q induces intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and oxidative stress by increasing intracellular glutathione. J Immunol 178:1835–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H Lou, N Kaplowitz. 2007. Glutathione depletion down-regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced NF-kappaB activity via IkappaB kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Biol Chem 282:29470–29481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S Dimova, PH Hoet, D Dinsdale, B Nemery. 2005. Acetaminophen decreases intracellular glutathione levels and modulates cytokine production in human alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes in vitro. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 37:1727–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EA Shalabi. 1992. Acetaminophen inhibits the human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function in vitro. Immunopharmacology 24:37–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B Lages, HJ Weiss. 1989. Inhibition of human platelet function in vitro and ex vivo by acetaminophen. Thromb Res 53:603–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RS Panush. 1976. Effects of certain antirheumatic drugs on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Arthritis Rheum 19:907–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K Reynard, A Riley, BE Walker. 1992. Respiratory arrest after N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose. Lancet 340:675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SW Ho, LJ Beilin. 1983. Asthma associated with N-acetylcysteine infusion and paracetamol poisoning: report of two cases. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 287:876–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar