1,112
Views
79
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in inorganic lead poisoning

&
Pages 617-631 | Received 28 Jun 2009, Accepted 09 Jul 2009, Published online: 22 Sep 2009

References

  • IPCS. Environmental Health Criteria 165. Inorganic Lead. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.
  • Borja-Aburto VH, Hertz-Picciotto I, Rojas Lopez M, Farias P, Rios C, Blanco J. Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 150:590–597.
  • Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Schwartz BS, Hu H, Woolf A. Recommendations for medical management of adult lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:463–471.
  • Bellinger D, Needleman HL, Bromfield R, Mintz M. A follow-up study of the academic attainment and classroom behavior of children with elevated dentine lead levels. Biol Trace Elem Res 1984; 6:207–233.
  • Needleman HL, Schell A, Bellinger D, Leviton A, Allred EN. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:83–88.
  • Stokes L, Letz R, Gerr F, Kolczak M, McNeill FE, Chettle DR, Kaye WE. Neurotoxicity in young adults 20 years after childhood exposure to lead: the Bunker Hill experience. Occup Environ Med 1998; 55:507–516.
  • Pasternak G, Becker CE, Lash A, Bowler R, Estrin WJ, Law D. Cross-sectional neurotoxicology study of lead-exposed cohort. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1989; 27:37–51.
  • Bessman SP, Rubin M, Leikin S. The treatment of lead encephalopathy – a method for the removal of lead during the acute stage. Pediatrics 1954; 14:201–208.
  • Byers RK, Maloof C. Edathamil calcium-disodium (versenate) in treatment of lead poisoning in children. Am J Dis Child 1954; 87:559–569.
  • Karpinski FEJr., Rieders F, Girsh LS. Calcium disodium versenate in the therapy of lead encephalopathy. J Pediatr 1953; 42:687–699.
  • Markus AC, Spencer AG. Treatment of chronic lead-poisoning with calcium disodium versenate. BMJ 1955; 2:883–885.
  • Wade JFJr., Burnum JF. Treatment of acute and chronic lead poisoning with disodium calcium versenate. Ann Intern Med 1955; 42:251–259.
  • Whitfield CL, Ch'ien LT, Whitehead JD. Lead encephalopathy in adults. Am J Med 1972; 52:289–298.
  • Crutcher JC. Clinical manifestations and therapy of acute lead intoxication due to the ingestion of illicitly distilled alcohol. Ann Intern Med 1963; 59:707–715.
  • Zuckerman MA, Savory D, Rayman G. Lead encephalopathy from an imported Toby mug. Postgrad Med J 1989; 65:307–309.
  • Hess JW. Lead encephalopathy simulating subdural hematoma in an adult. Report of a case. N Engl J Med 1961; 264:382–384.
  • Linz DH, Barrett ETJr., Pflaumer JE, Keith RE. Neuropsychologic and postural sway improvement after Ca++-EDTA chelation for mild lead intoxication. J Occup Med 1992; 34:638–642.
  • Friedheim E, Graziano J, Popovac D, Dragovic D, Kaul B. Treatment of lead poisoning by 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. Lancet 1978; 2:1234–1236.
  • Graziano JH, Siris ES, LoIacono N, Silverberg SJ, Turgeon L. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid as an antidote for lead intoxication. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 37:431–438.
  • Fournier L, Thomas G, Garnier R, Buisine A, Houze P, Pradier F, Dally S. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid treatment of heavy metal poisoning in humans. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1988; 3:499–504.
  • Wang S-C, Ting K-S, Wu C-C. Chelating therapy with Na-DMS in occupational lead and mercury intoxications. Chin Med J (Engl ) 1965; 84:437–439.
  • Graziano JH, Lolacono NJ, Meyer P. Dose-response study of oral 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in children with elevated blood lead concentrations. J Pediatr 1988; 113:751–757.
  • Friedheim EAH, Da Silva JR, Martins AV. Treatment of. Schistosomiasis mansonii with antimony-a,a’-dimercapto-potassium succinate (TWSb). Am J Trop Med Hyg 1954; 3:714–727.
  • Aposhian HV. DMSA and DMPS – water soluble antidotes for heavy metal poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1983; 23:193–215.
  • Rivera M, Aposhian HV, Fernando Q. Lead chelates of meso- and racemic-dimercaptosuccinic acid. J Inorg Biochem 1989; 37:283–293.
  • Graziano JH, LoIacono NJ, Moulton T, Mitchell ME, Slavkovich V, Zarate C. Controlled study of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid for the management of childhood lead intoxication. J Pediatr 1992; 120:133–139.
  • Torres-Alanís O, Garza-Ocañas L, Piñeyro-López A. Effect of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on urinary lead excretion in exposed men. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:573–577.
  • Counter SA, Ortega F, Shannon MW, Buchanan LH. Succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)) treatment of Andean children with environmental lead exposure. Int J Occup Environ Health 2003; 9:164–168.
  • Liebelt EL. Therapeutics and toxicology issues associated with the agitated, violent, or psychotic pediatric patient. Curr Opin Pediatr 2004; 16:199–200.
  • Besunder JB, Anderson RL, Super DM. Short-term efficacy of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid in children with low to moderate lead intoxication. Pediatrics 1995; 96:683–687.
  • Chisolm JJ. BAL, EDTA, DMSA and DMPS in the treatment of lead poisoning in children. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1992; 30:493–504.
  • Lifshitz M, Hashkanazi R, Phillip M. The effect of 2,3 dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of lead poisoning in adults. Ann Med 1997; 29:83–85.
  • Restek-Samarzija N, Blanusa M, Pizent A, Samarzija M, Turk R, Corovic N, Jurasovic J. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of occupationally exposed lead workers. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 1998; 49:137–145.
  • McGown EL, Tillotson JA, Knudsen JJ, Dumlao CR. Biological behavior and metabolic fate of the BAL analogues DMSA and DMPS. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1984; 27:169–176.
  • Maiorino RM, Akins JM, Blaha K, Carter DE, Aposhian HV. Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents: X. In humans, meso‐2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid is bound to plasma proteins via mixed disulfide formation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 254:570–577.
  • Tillotson JA, Boswell G, Kincannon L, Speckman CL. The biological fate of 14C-dimercaptosuccinic acid in monkeys and rabbits. Mil Med 1989; 154:444–449.
  • Asiedu P, Moulton T, Blum CB, Roldan E, Lolacono NJ, Graziano JH. Metabolism of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in lead-poisoned children and normal adults. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103:734–739.
  • Burckhardt BC, Burckhardt G. Transport of organic anions across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubule cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 146:95–158.
  • Aposhian HV, Maiorino RM, Rivera M, Bruce DC, Dart RC, Hurlbut KM, Levine DJ, Zheng W, Fernando Q, Carter D, Aposhian MM. Human studies with the chelating agents, DMPS and DMSA. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1992; 30:505–528.
  • Liang Y-Y, Marlowe C, Waddell WJ. Disposition of [14C]dimercaptosuccinic acid in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986; 6:532–540.
  • Castellino N, Castellino P, Sannolo N, ed. Inorganic Lead Exposure: Metabolism and Intoxication. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers; 1995.
  • Provoost AP, Van Aken M. The effect of DMSA loading on the renal handling of technetium-99m in rats. Uremia Invest 1985; 9:147–150.
  • Maneval DC, D'Argenio DZ, Wolf W. A kinetic model for 99mTc-DMSA in the rat. Eur J Nucl Med 1990; 16:29–34.
  • Moretti JL, Rapin JR, Saccavini JC, Lageron A, Le Poncin M, Bardy A. 2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic-acid chelates – 2 renal localization. Int J Nucl Med Biol 1984; 11:275–279.
  • Burckhardt BC, Drinkuth B, Menzel C, König A, Steffgen J, Wright SH, Burckhardt G. The renal Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter, NaDC-3, translocates dimethyl- and disulfhydryl-compounds and contributes to renal heavy metal detoxification. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:2628–2638.
  • Maiorino RM, Bruce DC, Aposhian HV. Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. VI. Isolation and identification of the mixed disulfides of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid with L-cysteine in human urine. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1989; 97:338–349.
  • Aposhian HV, Maiorino RM, Dart RC, Perry DF. Urinary excretion of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in human subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989; 45:520–526.
  • Dart RC, Hurlbut KM, Maiorino RM, Mayersohn M, Aposhian HV, Hassen LVB. Pharmacokinetics of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in patients with lead poisoning and in healthy adults. J Pediatr 1994; 125:309–316.
  • Maiorino RM, Aposhian MM, Xu Z-F, Li Y, Polt RL, Aposhian HV. Determination and metabolism of dithiol chelating agents. XV. The meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid-cysteine (1:2) mixed disulfide, a major urinary metabolite of DMSA in the human, increases the urinary excretion of lead in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 267:1221–1226.
  • Smith DR, Flegal AR. Stable isotopic tracers of lead mobilized by DMSA chelation in low lead-exposed rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1992; 116:85–91.
  • Kosnett MJ, Regan LS, Kelly TJ, Osterloh JD. Interrelationships of urinary lead after DMSA challenge: bone lead burden and blood lead in lead exposed workers. Vet Hum Toxicol 1994; 36:363.
  • Liebelt EL, Shannon M, Graef JW. Efficacy of oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid therapy for low-level childhood plumbism. J Pediatr 1994; 124:313–317.
  • Meggs WJ, Gerr F, Aly MH, Kierena T, Roberts DL, Shih R, Kim HC, Hoffman R. The treatment of lead poisoning from gunshot wounds with succimer (DMSA). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32:377–385.
  • Farrar HC, McLeane LR, Wallace M, White K, Watson J. A comparison of two dosing regimens of succimer in children with chronic lead poisoning. J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 39:180–183.
  • Bradberry SM, Sheehan TMT, Vale JA. Use of oral dimercaptosuccinic acid (succimer; DMSA) in adult patients with inorganic lead poisoning. QJM 2009; doi:10.1093/qjmed/hep114.
  • Chisolm JJ. Safety and efficacy of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in children with elevated blood lead concentrations. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:365–375.
  • Bornschein RL, Chisholm JJJr., Jones RL, Rhoads GG, Rogan WJ, Schwarz DF, Ware JH, Wedeen RP, Serwint J, Brophy M, Davoli CT, Denckla MB, Farfel MR, Goldstein GW, Berger O, Dietrich KN, Wesolowski C, Wilkins S, Maynard-Wentzel G, Mortensen ME, Adubato S, Elsafty M, Hennehan M, Sheffet A, Ty A, Campbell C, Gill FM, Guinn J, Henretig F, Knight D, Radcliffe J. The Treatment of Lead-exposed Children (TLC) trial: design and recruitment for a study of the effect of oral chelation on growth and development in toddlers. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1998; 12:313–333.
  • Rogan WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Dockery DW, Salganik M, Radcliffe J, Jones RL, Ragan B, Chisolm JJJr., Rhoads GG. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children trial. The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:1421–1426.
  • Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Salganik M, Radcliffe J, Rogan WJ, Rhoads G, Fay ME, Davoli CT, Denckla MB, Bornschein RL, Schwarz D, Dockery DW, Adubato S, Jones RL. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial. Effect of chelation therapy on the neuropsychological and behavioral development of lead-exposed children after school entry. Pediatrics 2004; 114:19–26.
  • Chen A, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, Radcliffe J, Rogan WJ. IQ and blood lead from 2 to 7 years of age: are the effects in older children the residual of high blood lead concentrations in 2-year-olds?. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:597–601.
  • Chen A, Rhoads GG, Cai B, Salganik M, Rogan WJ. The effect of chelation on blood pressure in lead-exposed children: a randomized study. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:579–583.
  • Liu X, Dietrich KN, Radcliffe J, Ragan NB, Rhoads GG, Rogan WJ. Do children with falling blood lead levels have improved cognition?. Pediatrics 2002; 110:787–791.
  • Peterson KE, Salganik M, Campbell C, Rhoads GG, Rubin J, Berger O, Ware JH, Rogan W. Effect of succimer on growth of preschool children with moderate blood lead levels. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112:233–237.
  • Rogan WJ, Bornschein RL, Chisolm JJJr., Damokosh AI, Dockery DW, Fay ME, Jones RL, Rhoads GG, Ragan NB, Salganik M, Schwarz DF, Ware JH, Wedeen RP, Serwint J, Brophy M, Davoli CT, Denckla MB, Farfel MR, Goldstein GW, Rubin J, Berger O, Dietrich KN, Wesolowski C, Wilkins S, Maynard-Wentzel G, Mortensen ME, Adubato S, Elsafty M, Heenehan M, Sheffet A, Ty A, Campbell C, Gill FM, Guinn J, Henretig F, Knight D, Radcliffe J, Schwarz DF, Bowman BB, Gunter E, Huff D, Miller DT, Paschal DC, Bernstein AJ, Kotlov TV, Angle CR, Faison J, Gehlbach SH, Gray-Little B, James SA, Moye LA, Needleman HL. Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children Trial. Safety and efficacy of succimer in toddlers with blood lead levels of 20–44 μg/dL. Pediatr Res 2000; 48:593–599.
  • Bhattacharya A, Shukla R, Auyang ED, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R. Effect of succimer chelation therapy on postural balance and gait outcomes in children with early exposure to environmental lead. Neurotoxicology 2007; 28:686–695.
  • Frumkin H, Gerr F. Dimercaptosuccinic acid in the treatment of depression following lead exposure. Am J Ind Med 1993; 24:701–706.
  • Akhtar AJ, Funnye AS, Akanno J. Gunshot-induced plumbism in an adult male. J Natl Med Assoc 2003; 95:986–990.
  • Lee B-K, Ahn K-D, Lee S-S, Lee G-S, Kim Y-B, Schwartz BS. A comparison of different lead biomarkers in their associations with lead-related symptoms. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2000; 73:298–304.
  • Schwartz BS, Lee B-K, Lee G-S, Stewart WF, Lee S-S, Hwang K-Y, Ahn K-D, Kim Y-B, Bolla KI, Simon D, Parsons PJ, Todd AC. Associations of blood lead, dimercaptosuccinic acid-chelatable lead, and tibia lead with neurobehavioral test scores in South Korean lead workers. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153:453–464.
  • Hertz-Picciotto I. The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion. Am J Ind Med 2000; 38:300–309.
  • Falcón M, Viñas P, Luna A. Placental lead and outcome of pregnancy. Toxicology 2003; 185:59–66.
  • Shannon M. Severe lead poisoning in pregnancy. Ambul Pediatr 2003; 3:37–39.
  • Horowitz BZ, Mirkin DB. Lead poisoning and chelation in a mother-neonate pair. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2001; 39:727–731.
  • González-Cossío T, Peterson KE, Sanín L-H, Fishbein E, Palazuelos E, Aro A, Hernández-Avila M, Hu H. Decrease in birth weight in relation to maternal bone-lead burden. Pediatrics 1997; 100:856–862.
  • Rothenberg SJ, Schnaas L, Perroni E, Hernández RM, Martínez S, Hernández C. Pre- and postnatal lead effect on head circumference: a case for critical periods. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1999; 21:1–11.
  • Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Flores M-F, Martinez S, Hernandez C, Osorio E, Velasco SR, Perroni E. Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:791–797.
  • Wasserman GA, Liu X, Popovac D, Factor-Litvak P, Kline J, Waternaux C, LoIacono N, Graziano JH. The Yugoslavia prospective lead study: contributions of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure to early intelligence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000; 22:811–818.
  • Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: a Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
  • Domingo JL, Ortega A, Paternain JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J. Oral meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats: teratogenicity and alterations in mineral metabolism. I. Teratological evaluation. J Toxicol Environ Health 1990; 30:181–190.
  • Mirkin D, Sudakin D, Parker S, Horowitz Z, Bizovi K, Warden C. Plumbism in pregnancy treated with DMSA. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:547.
  • Powell ST, Bolisetty S, Wheaton GR. Succimer therapy for congenital lead poisoning from maternal petrol sniffing. Med J Aust 2006; 184:84–85.
  • Mirkin D, Sudakin D, Parker S, Horowitz Z, Bizovi K, Warden C. Lead chelation in the neonate. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:548.
  • Walsh MJ, Pali M, Ferguson T. An unusual case of in-utero lead exposure. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:547–548.
  • Tait PA, Vora A, James S, Fitzgerald DJ, Pester BA. Severe congenital lead poisoning in a preterm infant due to a herbal remedy. Med J Aust 2002; 177:193–195.
  • Guzman DD, Velez LI, Shepherd JG, Goto CS. Calcium EDTA and DMSA chelation of a neonate with congenital lead intoxication. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2000; 38:548–549.
  • Lech T, Sadlik JK. Contribution to the data on copper concentration in blood and urine in patients with Wilson's disease and in normal subjects. Biol Trace Elem Res 2007; 118:16–20.
  • Bentur Y, Brook JG, Behar R, Taitelman U. Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in the diagnosis and treatment of lead poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1987; 25:39–51.
  • Kuntzelman DR, Angle CR. Abnormal liver function in childhood lead poisoning unaffected by DMSA. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34:355.
  • Angle CR. Blood aminotransferase values during treatment with meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid. J Pediatr 1994; 125:333–334.
  • Gordon JN, Taylor A, Bennett PN. Lead poisoning: case studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002; 53:451–458.
  • Grandjean P, Jacobsen IA, Jørgensen PJ. Chronic lead poisoning treated with dimercaptosuccinic acid. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 68:266–269.
  • Lee A, ed. Adverse Drug Reactions. In: London. 2nd ed. Pharmaceutical Press; 2006.
  • Gerr F, Frumkin H, Hodgins P. Hemolytic anemia following succimer administration in a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient patient. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1994; 32:569–575.
  • Sigg T, Burda A, Leikin JB, Gossman W, Umanos J. A report of pediatric succimer overdose. Vet Hum Toxicol 1998; 40:90–91.
  • Bradberry SM. The Role of Succimer (DMSA) in the Treatment of Inorganic Lead Poisoning. Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham; 2009.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.