Other Countries Have Successfully Reduced Incarceration Rates Without Increasing Crime: We Can Do It!

REFERENCES

• Andrews , D. A. , Bonta , J. and Wormith , J. S. 2006 . The recent past and near future of risk and/or need assessment . Crime & Delinquency , 52 ( 1 ) : 7 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews , D. A. , Zinger , I. , Hoge , R. D. , Bonta , J. , Gendreau , P. and Cullen , F. T. 1990 . Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis . Criminology , 28 ( 3 ) : 369 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein , A. and Beck , A. J. 1999 . “ Population growth in U.S. prisons, 1980–1996 ” . In Prisons , Edited by: Tonry , M. and Petersilia , J. 17 – 62 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bonta , J. 2002 . Offender risk assessment: Guidelines for selection and use . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 29 ( 4 ) : 355 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clear , T. R. 2007 . Imprisoning communities: How mass incarceration makes disadvantaged neighborhoods worse , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Giordano , P. C. , Cernkovich , S A. and Rudolph , J. L. 2002 . Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation . American Journal of Sociology , 107 ( 4 ) : 990 – 1064 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove , W. M. and Meehl , P. E. 1996 . Comparative efficiency of informal (subjective, impressionistic) and formal (mechanical, algorithmic) prediction procedures: The clinical-statistical controversy . Psychology, Public Policy, and Law , 2 : 293 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langan , P. A. and Levin , D. J. 2002 . Recidivism of prisoners released in 1994 , Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics . (NCJ Publication No. 193427)
   Google Scholar
• Lappi-Seppala , T. 2001 . “ Sentencing and punishment in Finland: The decline of the repressive ideal ” . In Sentencing and sanctions in western countries , Edited by: Tonry , M. and Frase , R. S. 92 – 150 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey , M. W. 1992 . “ Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects ” . In Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook , Edited by: Cook , T. D. , Cooper , H. , Cordray , D. S. , Hartmann , H. , Hedges , L. V. Light , R. J. 83 – 128 . New York : Russell Sage Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey , M. W. 1995 . “ What do we learn from 400 research studies on the effectiveness of treatment with juvenile delinquents? ” . In What works? Reducing offending , Edited by: McGuire , J. 63 – 78 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , D. L. 2001 . Corrections and sentencing in the 21st century: Evidence-based corrections and sentencing . Prison Journal , 81 : 299 – 312 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , D. L. 2005 . The importance of using scientific evidence to make decisions about correctional programming . Criminology & Public Policy , 4 ( 2 ) : 249 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , D. L. 2006 . What works in corrections: Reducing the criminal activities of offenders and delinquents , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie , D. L. , Browning , K. , Skroban , S. and Smith , D. 1999 . The impact of probation on the criminal activities of offenders . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 36 ( 4 ) : 423 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna , S. 2001 . Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives , Washington, DC : American Psychological Association .
   Google Scholar
• Petersilia , J. 1999 . “ Parole and prisoner reentry in the United States ” . In Prisons , Edited by: Tonry , M. and Petersilia , J. 479 – 529 . Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rose , D. R. and Clear , T. R. 1998 . Incarceration, social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory . Criminology , 36 : 441 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spelman , W. 1994 . Criminal incapacitation , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spelman , W. 2000 . “ The limited importance of prison expansion ” . In The crime drop in America , Edited by: Blumstein , A. and Walman , J. 97 – 129 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (n.d.). International homicide statistics http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/ihs.html (Accessed: 26 June 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , J. , Van Kesteren , J. and Smit , P. 2007 . Criminal victimization in international perspective: Key findings from the 2004–2005 ICVS and EU ICS , The Hague : Ministry of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Vieraitis , L. , Kovandzic , T. V. and Marvell , T. B. 2007 . The criminogenic effects of imprisonment: Evidence from state panel data, 1974–2002 . Criminology and Public Policy , 6 ( 3 ) : 589 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• Visher, C. A., Coggeshall, M. B., & Winterfield, L. (2006). Systematic review of non- custodial employment programs: Impact on recidivism rates of ex-offenders http://www.campbellcollaboration.org (Accessed: 26 June 2009 ).
   Google Scholar
• von Hirsch , A. , Bottoms , A. E. , Burney , E. and Wikstrom , P-O. 1999 . Criminal deterrence and sentence severity: An analysis of recent research , Portland, OR : Hart Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Walmsley , R. 2009 . World prison population list , 8th , London : International Centre for Prison Studies, King's College . ed.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , D. B. and MacKenzie , D. L. 2009 . The use of incarceration in the United States and other western democracies , Unpublished manuscript .
   Google Scholar
• West , H. C. and Sabol , W. J. 2008 . Prisoners in 2007 (NCJ Publication No. 224280) , Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Zimring , F. E. and Hawkins , G. 1997 . Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar