Who Decides Civil Commitments? A Statewide Analysis of Initial Hold Requests

References

• Allen, M., & Smith, V. F. (2001). Opening Pandora’s box: The practical and legal dangers of involuntary outpatient commitment. Psychiatric Services, 52(3), 342–346. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.3.342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachrach, L. L. (1986). Deinstitutionalization: What do the numbers mean? Psychiatric Services, 37(2), 118–121. doi:10.1176/ps.37.2.118
   Google Scholar
• Beane, E. A., & Beck, J. C. (1991). Court based civil commitment of alcoholics and substance abusers. Bulletin of American Academy of Psychiatry Law, 19(4), 359–366.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bittner, E. (1967). Police discretion in emergency apprehension of mentally ill persons. Social Problems, 14(3), 278–292. doi:10.2307/799150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourquin-Tièche, D., Besson, J., Lambert, H., & Yersin, B. (2001). Involuntary treatment of alcohol-dependent patients: A study of 17 consecutive cases of civil commitment. European Addiction Research, 7(2), 48–55. doi:10.1159/000050716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaiola, A. A., & Dolan, D. (2016). Considerations in civil commitments of individuals with substance abuse disorders. Substance Abuse, 37(1), 181–187. doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1029207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charette, Y., Crocker, A. G., & Billette, I. (2014). Police encounters involving citizens with mental illness: Use of resources and outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 511–516. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Emic, M. J. H. (2015). Mental health courts: Bridging two worlds. Touro Law Review, 31, 369–376.
   Google Scholar
• Deemer, E. D. (2004). Ethical values and involuntary commitment: A decision-making model for consulting clinicians. Stress, Trauma, and Crisis, 7(3), 169–186. doi:10.1080/15434610490500053
   Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Welfare Family and Community Services. (2004, October 15). Mental health civil commitment process for adults: Designated examiner source book (5th ed.). State of Idaho. Retrieved February 23, 2018, from http://healthandwelfare.idaho.gov/Portals/0/Unknown/Manual%2010-25-04%20.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Doak, D. (2015). Theorizing disability discrimination in civil commitment. Texas Law Review, 93(6), 1589–1629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham, M. L., Carr, H. D., & Pierce, G. L. (1984). Police involvement and influence in involuntary civil commitment. Psychiatric Services, 35(6), 580–584. doi:10.1176/ps.35.6.580
   Google Scholar
• Elbogen, E. B., Williams, A. L., Kim, D., Tomkins, A. J., & Scalora, M. J. (2001). Gender and perceptions of dangerousness in civil psychiatric patients. Legal & Criminological Psychology, 6, 215–228. doi:10.1348/135532501168299
   Google Scholar
• Engel, R. S., & Silver, E. (2001). Policing mentally disordered suspects: A reexamination of the criminalization hypothesis. Criminology, 39(2), 225–252. doi:10.1111/crim.2001.39.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freckelton, I. (2001). Civil commitment: Due process, procedural fairness and the quality of decision‐making. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 8(1), 105–117. doi:10.1080/13218710109525009
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, D. J. (2004). The importance of constructivism and constructivist pedagogy for disability studies in education. Disability Studies Quarterly, 24 (2). Retrieved March 28, 2018, from http://dsq-sds.org/article/view/489/666
   Google Scholar
• Goldman, A. (2015). Continued overreliance on involuntary commitment: The need for a less restrictive alternative. Journal of Legal Medicine, 36, 233–251. doi:10.1080/01947648.2015.1121075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, S. (2016). The danger zone: How the dangerousness standard in civil commitment proceedings harms people with serious mental illness. Case Western Reserve Law Review, 66(3), 657–700.
   Google Scholar
• Green, T. M. (1997). Police as frontline mental health workers: the decision to arrest or refer to mental health agencies. International Journal Of Law and Psychiatry, 20(4), 469–486. doi:10.1016/S0160-2527(97)00011-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hails, J., & Borum, R. (2003). Police training and specialized approaches to respond to people with mental illnesses. NCCD News, 49(1), 52–61.
   Google Scholar
• Janus, E. S. (1998). Hendricks and the moral terrain of police power civil commitment. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 41(1–2), 297.
   Google Scholar
• Klinger, D. A. (1997). Negotiating order in patrol work: an ecological theory of police response to deviance. Criminology, 35(2), 277–306. doi:10.1111/crim.1997.35.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishan, S., Bakeman, R., Broussard, B., Cristofaro, S. L., Hankerson-Dyson, D., Husbands, L., & Compton, M. T. (2014). The influence of neighborhood characteristics on police officers' encounters with persons suspected to have a serious mental illness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 37(4), 359–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, H. R., Weinberger, L. E., & DeCuir, W. J., Jr. (2002). The police and mental health. Psychiatric Services, 53(10), 1266–1271. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.53.10.1266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, P. K. (1977). Police work: The social organization of policing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, B. G., Simpson, A. I. F., & Coverdale, J. H. (2006). Best practice management strategies for mental health nurses during the clinical application of civil commitment: An overview. Contemporary Nurse, 21(1), 62–70. doi:10.5555/conu.2006.21.1.62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morabito, M. S., & Socia, K. M. (2015). Is dangerousness a myth? Injuries and police encounters with people with mental illnesses. Criminology & Public Policy, 14(2), 253–276. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munetz, M. R., Grande, T., Kleist, J., & Peterson, G. A. (1996). The effectiveness of outpatient civil commitment. Psychiatric Services, 47(11), 1251–1252. doi:10.1176/ps.47.11.1251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opsal, A., Kristensen, O., Vederhus, J. K., & Clausen, T. (2016). Perceived coercion to enter treatment among involuntarily and voluntarily admitted patients with substance use disorders. BMC Health Services Research, 16, 656. doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1906-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patch, P., & Arrigo, B. (1999). Police officer attitudes and use of discretion in situations involving the mentally ill: The need to narrow the focus. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 22(1), 23–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrigo, T. L., & Williams, K. A. (2016). Implementation of an evidence based guideline for assessment and documentation of the civil commitment process. Community Mental Health Journal, 52, 1033–1036. doi:10.1007/s10597-014-9816-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Player, C. T. (2015). Involuntary outpatient commitment: The limits of prevention. Stanford Law & Policy Review, 26, 159–237.
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, R. (1992). Policing a postmodern society. The Modern Law Review, 55(6), 761–781. doi:10.1111/mlr.1992.55.issue-6
   Google Scholar
• Reiner, R. (2010). The politics of the police. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ruiz, J., & Miller, C. (2004). An exploratory study of Pennsylvania police officers’ perceptions of dangerousness and their ability to manage persons with mental illness. Police Quarterly, 7(3), 359–371. doi:10.1177/1098611103258957
   Google Scholar
• Rydberg, J. (2017). Civil commitment and risk assessment in perspective. Criminology & Public Policy, 16(3), 937–946. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulenberg, J. L. (2016). Police decision-making in the gray zone: The dynamics of police–Citizen encounters with mentally ill persons. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(4), 459–482. doi:10.1177/0093854815606762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slobogin, C., Hafemeister, T. L., Mossman, D., & Reisner, R. (2014). Law and the mental health system: Civil and criminal aspects (6th ed.). St Paul, MN: West Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. R. (1994). Liability and mental health services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64(2), 235–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, H. J., Gouins, K., Dennis, D., Hopper, K., Roche, B., Swartz, M., & Robbins, P. C. (2001). Assessing the New York City involuntary outpatient commitment pilot program. Psychiatric Services, 52(3), 330–336. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.3.330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain, P. A. (2000). Admitted and detained – Community members and mental health review boards. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 7(1), 79–88. doi:10.1080/13218710009524973
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, J. W., & Swartz, M. S. (2014). Why the evidence for outpatient commitment is good enough.? Psychiatric Services, 65(6), 808–811. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201300424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplin, L. A. (1984). Managing disorder: Police handling of the mentally ill. Mental health and criminal justice, 157–175.
   Google Scholar
• Teplin, L. A., & Pruett, N. S. (1992). Police as street corner psychiatrist: Managing the mentally ill. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 15(2), 139–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. (2015). The failure of the federal courts to incorporate O’Connor’s dangerousness requirement into the standards utilized in actions challenging wrongful civil commitments. Touro Law Review, 31(1), 149–181.
   Google Scholar