References
- Abdool Karim, S. S. (2020). The South African response to the pandemic. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(24), 95. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2014960
- AlJazeera. (2020, June 23). South Africa’s unemployment rate hits record high. Reuters. https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/south-africa-unemployment-rate-hits-record-high-200623154110111.html
- Arndt, C., Davies, R., & Thurlow, J. (2019). Urbanization, structural transformation and rural-urban linkages in South Africa. 35. International Food Policy Research Institute, National Treasury. https://csp.treasury.gov.za/Resource%20_Centre/Conferences/Documents/Urbanization%20Review%20Papers/Paper%203%20-%20RSA%20Urbanization.pdf
- Baldwin-Ragaven, L. (2020). Social dimensions of COVID-19 in South Africa: A neglected element of the treatment plan. Wits Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2(SI), 33. https://doi.org/10.18772/26180197.2020.v2nSIa6
- Batley, M. (2020, May 8). Why the release of 19,000 prisoners is a good thing. The Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-05-18-why-the-release-of-19000-prisoners-is-a-good-thing/
- Beyrer, C., Kamarulzaman, A., & McKee, M. (2016). Prisoners, prisons, and HIV: Time for reform. The Lancet, 388(10049), 1033–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30829-7
- Businesstech. (2020, July 31). South Africa crime stats 2020: Everything you need to know. https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/421424/south-africa-crime-stats-2020-everything-you-need-to-know/
- Byrne, J., Kras, K. R., & Marmolejo, L. M. (2019). International perspectives on the privatization of corrections. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(2), 477–503. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12440
- Cameron, E. (2020, April 20). Open letter to minister of correctional services Lamola. Detention Justice Forum. https://www.groundup.org.za/media/uploads/documents/JICS_DJF%20COVID-19%20release%20of%20prisoners_23%20April%202020%20djf-1.pdf
- “DCS-Act-111-of-2008.pdf”. (n.d.). http://www.dcs.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/DCS-Act-111-of-2008.pdf
- “Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996]”. (n.d.). (38):107.
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy. (2020). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) resource center. University of Michigan. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19
- Deklerk, A. (2020, June 25). Awaiting-trial prisoners hogging jail space: Lamola. TimeLive. https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2020-06-25-awaiting-trial-prisoners-hogging-jail-space-lamola/
- Delius, P., & Glaser, C. (2005). Sex, disease and stigma in South Africa: Historical perspectives. African Journal of AIDS Research, 4(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085900509490339
- Department of Correctional Services. (2017). DCS annual report 2016-2017. https://nationalgovernment.co.za/department_annual/176/2017-department:-correctional-services-annual-report.pdf
- Department of Correctional Services. (2019). DCS annual report 2018-2019. http://www.dcs.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/DCS-Annual-Report-_web-version.pdf
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020a). http://www.dcs.gov.za/
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020b). DCS in numbers. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=4601
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020c). Let’s hold hands together and find better ways to fight the coronavirus, says chief operations commissioner. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5592
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020d). Kgoši Mampuru II management area forges ahead with efforts to combat spread of COVID-19. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5507
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020e). Metropolitan donates cloth face masks to DCS as part of youth month. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5612
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020f). Parolees join fight against Covid-19. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5600
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020g). President Ramaphosa calls for an end to stigmatization amid rising coronavirus cases. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5734
- Department of Correctional Services. (2020h). Western Cape amplifies fight against Covid-19 stigmatisation. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5608
- Department of Correctional Services. 2020i. Construction of quarantine centre for Mpumalanga inmates underway. http://www.dcs.gov.za/?page_id=5688
- Department of Health. (2020). Disaster management act regulations: Alert level 1 during coronavirus COVID-19 lockdown. https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/09/18/disaster-management-act-regulations-alert-level-1-during-coronavirus-covid-19-lockdown/
- Department of Statistics South Africa. (2020). Mid-year population estimates. Stats South Africa. http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022020.pdf
- Detention Justice Forum. (2020, May 12). Open letter to the minister of correctional services. Restorative Justice Center. https://www.facebook.com/RestoreSA/posts/10157321685417253?__xts__[0]=68.ARBNEH0o6_vveJ7L4Wtn06wiuq7AmcALzjaMNPC-BlPFepAQAOdTx2OMJe_qqsVH7UE9g75FxrDg2YjkIG-cd3x6xXqjaDA4hSzUFszck6zx4–zzRytR7xDHGqHdpXODwc-8gN1Uy6orCpz31ywjpMFmxA7XdobWBRy2Ciz4be0XE_wQcBfn7RjVFZxiBGzYr0lEEwdBf0PNSmz3kkSw7pkf20OYffsh5-go49jxFeJQrjLXTCv0pFZ_RKCDPrhPzDMBMvpZ5YUmIjW_Bghgzn9UoarW8-qw5BUoHmYLhBB5OdTp_8kQKetOKCJpURdsiQWfRxPCByqdw
- Dolan, K., Wirtz, A. L., Moazen, B., Ndeffo-mbah, M., Galvani, A., Kinner, S. A., Courtney, R., McKee, M., Amon, J. J., Maher, L., Hellard, M., Beyrer, C., & Altice, F. L. (2016). Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. The Lancet, 388(10049), 1089–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30466-4
- Dube, P. (2020, July 18). Covid-19: South Africa releases 7,000 inmates to decongest prison. Daily Nation. https://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/africa/covid-19-south-africa-releases-7-000-inmates-to-decongest-prisons-1900922
- Egbe, C. O., & Ngobese, S. (2020, May 18). COVID-19 lockdown and the tobacco product ban in South Africa. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18(May), 39–40. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/120938
- Ellis, E. (2020, April 23). Prison riots about cellphones and cigarettes not coronavirus, authorities claim. The Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-23-prison-riots-about-cellphones-and-cigarettes-not-coronavirus-authorities-claim/
- Evans, J. (2020, March 21). Coronavirus: Law society sounds alarm over the slow pace of sanitising courts, prisons. News24. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/coronavirus-law-society-sounds-alarm-over-the-slow-pace-of-sanatising-courts-prisons-20200321
- Gililli, C. (2020, July 31). Prisoners fear for their lives at Sun City as Covid-19 wave spreads. News24. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/prisoners-fear-for-their-lives-at-sun-city-as-covid-19-wave-spreads-20200730
- Government Printer SA. (2003). Draft White paper on corrections in South Africa. V. 2006. Department of Correctional Services. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/correct1.pdf
- Hans, B. (2020, June 20). ‘Nudity, hunger strike’ expected in prisons over visitation ban induced by the coronavirus. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/news/nudity-hunger-strike-expected-in-prisons-over-visitation-ban-induced-by-the-coronavirus-49653234
- Heiburg, T. (2020, May 8). South Africa to parole 19,000 prisoners to curb coronavirus. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica/south-africa-to-parole-19000-prisoners-to-curb-coronavirus-idUSKBN22K1I8
- Independent Online. (2020, May 5). Prison staff being turned away from shops because of Covid-19 stigma. https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/prison-staff-being-turned-away-from-shops-because-of-covid-19-stigma-47586967
- Isilow, H. (2020, May 8). COVID-19: South Africa grants parole to 19,000 inmates. Andalou Agency. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/covid-19-south-africa-grants-parole-to-19-000-inmates/1833867
- Johns Hopkins University. (2020). Coronavirus resource center. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
- Kiewit, L. (2020, March 4). South Africa’s parole system has failed child victims. Mail & Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2020-03-04-south-africas-parole-system-has-failed-child-victims/
- Kimberley, K. (2020a, March 28). St Albans prison a ticking time bomb. Daily Dispatch. https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/news/2020-03-28-st-albans-prison-a-ticking-time-bomb/
- Kimberley, K. (2020b, May 6). Frustrated inmates at St Albans set fire to parts of the building. Herald Live. https://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2020-05-06-watch-frustrated-inmates-at-st-albans-set-fire-to-parts-of-the-building/
- Kinner, S. A., & Young, J. T. (2018). Understanding and improving the health of people who experience incarceration: An overview and synthesis. Epidemiologic Reviews, 40(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx018
- Koko, K. (2020, July 8). Riots erupt in prisons as inmates say they fear getting Covid-19. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/the-star/news/riots-erupt-in-prisons-as-inmates-say-they-fear-getting-covid-19-50597004
- Makgatho, L. (2020, July 11). Riots erupt in prisons as Covid-19 infections rise. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/riots-erupt-in-prisons-as-covid-19-infections-rise-50868586
- Makou, G., Skosana, I., & Hopkins, R. (2017, July 18). FACTSHEET: The state of South Africa’s prisons. Africa Check. https://africacheck.factsheets/factsheet-the-state-of-south-africas-prisons/
- Marupeng, P. (2020, July 6). Deaths of three prison warders spark health fears. Sowetan Live. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-07-06-deaths-of-three-prison-warders-spark-health-fears/
- Maswaneng, K. (2020, May 20). Prisoner rights organisation calls for release of 24,000 more inmates. Sunday Times. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-05-20-prisoner-rights-organisation-calls-for-release-of-24000-more-inmates/
- Mdakane, B. (2020, April 19). Prisoners threaten hunger strike if Covid-19 fears are not addressed. City Press. https://www.news24.com/citypress/News/prisoners-threaten-hunger-strike-if-covid-19-fears-are-not-addressed-20200419
- Meyer, D. (2020, May 18). Justice department could scrap criminal records after lockdown. The South African. https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/criminal-record-could-be-scrapped-after-lockdown-admission-of-guilt-2020/
- Mitchley, A. (2020, June 17). Detainees face action after blocking cell, arming themselves with makeshift weapons. News24. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/detainees-face-action-after-blocking-cell-arming-themselves-with-makeshift-weapons-20200617
- Mlamla, S. (2020, June 8). Covid-19 outbreak: ‘Put moms in prison under house arrest’. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/covid-19-outbreak-put-moms-in-prison-under-house-arrest-49114529
- Murray, E. J., Bond, V. A., Marais, B. J., Godfrey-Faussett, P., Ayles, H. M., & Beyers, N. (2013). High levels of vulnerability and anticipated stigma reduce the impetus for tuberculosis diagnosis in Cape Town, South Africa. Health Policy and Planning, 28(4), 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs072
- Mutanga, M. (2020, May 4). Prisoners produce face masks for country. Informante. https://informante.web.na/prisoners-produce-face-masks-for-country/
- Mvumu, Z. (2020, April 12). ‘Sun City’ accused of staging Covid-19 preparedness ‘act’ for Lamola. Sunday Times. https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2020-04-12-sun-city-accused-of-staging-covid-19-preparedness-act-for-lamola/
- Naik, S. (2020, June 13). Inmates resort to desperate measures to force social distancing in crowded prisons. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/saturday-star/news/inmates-resort-to-desperate-measures-to-force-social-distancing-in-crowded-prisons-49331172
- Ngoepe, K. (2020, June 27). Prisoners tested positive for Covid-19 say they are not getting proper medication. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/prisoners-tested-positive-for-covid-19-say-they-are-not-getting-proper-medication-50049865
- Parliamentary Management Group. 2020. Lockdown case backlogs; overcrowding & release of inmates: Minister’s briefing | PMG. Parliamentary Management Group.org. https://pmg.org.za/committee-meeting/30529/
- Postman, Z. (2020, May 25). Covid-19: Lockdown makes access to justice for prisoners even more difficult. The Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-05-25-covid-19-lockdown-makes-access-to-justice-for-prisoners-even-more-difficult/
- Prison Insider. (2020a). Country profile: South Africa. https://www.prison-insider.com/countryprofile/prisonsinsouthafrica
- Prison Insider. (2020b). Coronavirus: Africa. https://www.prison-insider.com/en/articles/afrique-coronavirus-la-fievre-des-prisons#afrique-du-sud-5e81fd6b2aacd
- Richardson, J. (2020, March 20). Prisons to undergo deep cleaning to limit the spread of coronavirus. The South African. https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/prisons-undergo-deep-cleaning-limit-coronavirus/
- SA News. (2020, June 25). South Africa is rethinking jail time as a punishment for low-risk crimes. Business Tech. https://businesstech.co.za/news/government/410789/south-africa-is-rethinking-jail-time-as-a-punishment-for-low-risk-crimes/
- Schnirring, L. (2020, August 5). Global COVID-19 deaths top 700,000; WHO team heads to South Africa. Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota. https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2020/08/global-covid-19-deaths-top-700000-who-team-heads-south-africa
- Singh, O. (2020, August 13). Westville Prison wardens stabbed by prisoners after morning meal. Times Live. https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-08-13-westville-prison-wardens-stabbed-by-prisoners-after-morning-meal/
- Siqathule, S. (2020, May 12). Prison riot in Lusikisiki. Ground Up. https://www.groundup.org.za/article/prison-riot-lusikisiki/
- Skinner, D., & Mfecane, S. (2004). Stigma, discrimination and the implications for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Sahara-j: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 1(3), 157–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2004.9724838
- South African Police Service. (2020). Crime statistics. https://www.saps.gov.za/services/crimestats.php
- The South African. (2020, July 20). Western Cape prison without water for over a week. https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/western-cape-prisons-correctional-services-tuesday-22-july-2020/
- United Nations. (2015). Resolution 70/175. https://undocs.A/RES/70/175
- United Nations. (2019). World population prospects. https://population.un.wpp/
- United Nations. (2020a, March 25). Advice of the subcommittee on prevention of torture to states parties and national preventive mechanisms relating to the coronavirus pandemic. https://www.ohchr.Documents/HRBodies/OPCAT/AdviceStatePartiesCoronavirusPandemic2020.pdf
- United Nations. (2020b). Covid-19 human rights dispatch – Number 2: Covid-19 and protection of right to life in places of detention.
- Van der Westhuizen, J. (2017). Annual report for the period 01 April 2015 to 31 March 2016 “people are living there”. Judicial Inspectorate for Correctional Services.
- Vuso, S. (2020, May 12). Western Cape warders strike, demand mass testing at prison. Independent Online. https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/news/western-cape-warders-strike-demand-mass-testing-at-prison-47876492
- World Health Organization. (2020, August 5). World Health Organization surge team to arrive in South Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/news/world-health-organization-surge-team-arrive-south-africa
- Zincume, M. (2020, June 5). First Covid-19 case at Qalakabusha Prison in Empangeni. Zululand Observer. https://zululandobserver.co.za/226441/first-covid-19-case-at-qalakabusha-prison-in-empangeni/
- Zuzile, M. (2020, April 16). Prison officials fear for their families’ lives amid Covid-19 outbreak. Sowetan Live. https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2020-04-16-prison-officials-fear-for-their-families-lives-amid-covid-19-outbreak/