References
- Abas, M., Ostrovschi, N. V., Prince, M., Gorceag, V. I., Trigub, C., & Oram, S. (2013). Risk factors for mental disorders in women survivors of human trafficking: A historical cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 13(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-204
- Arhin, A. (2016). A diaspora approach to understanding human trafficking for labor exploitation. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(1), 78–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2016.1136538
- Azevedo, V., Carvalho, M., Fernandes-Costa, F., Mesquita, S., Soares, J., Teixeira, F., & Maia, Â. (2017). Interview transcription: Conceptual issues, practical guidelines, and challenges. Revista De Enfermagem Referência, 4(14), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.12707/RIV17018
- Baldwin, S. B., Eisenman, D. P., Sayles, J. N., Ryan, G., & Chuang, K. S. (2011). Identification of human trafficking victims in health care settings. Health and Human Rights, 13(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.2307/healhumarigh.13.1.36
- Barnert, E. S., Abrams, S., Azzi, V. F., Ryan, G., Brook, R., & Chung, P. J. (2016). Identifying best practices for “Safe Harbor” legislation to protect child sex trafficking victims: Decriminalization alone is not sufficient. Child Abuse and Neglect, 51, 249–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.02
- Barrick, K., Lattimore, P. K., Pitts, W. J., & Zhang, S. X. (2014). When farmworkers and advocates see trafficking but law enforcement does not: Challenges in identifying labor trafficking in North Carolina. Crime, Law and Social Change, 61(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9509-z
- Bick, D., Howard, L. M., Oram, S., & Zimmerman, C. (2017). Maternity care for trafficked women: Survivor experiences and clinicians’ perspectives in the United Kingdom’s national health service. PLoS ONE, 12(11), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187856
- Bishop, R. A., Morgan, C. V., & Erickson, L. (2013). Public awareness of human trafficking in Europe: How concerned are European citizens? Journal of Immigrant and Refugee Studies, 11(2), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2013.759047
- Borschmann, R., Oram, S., Kinner, S. A., Dutta, R., Zimmerman, C., & Howard, L. M. (2017). Self-harm among adult victims of human trafficking who accessed secondary mental health services in England. Psychiatric Services, 68(2), 207–210. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500509
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2012). Thematic analysis. In H. Cooper, P. M. Camic, D. L. Long, A. T. Panter, D. Rindskopf, & K. J. Sher (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol. 2. Research designs: Quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological (pp. 57–71). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13620-004.
- Brunovskis, A., & Surtees, R. (2010). Untold stories: Biases and selection effects in research with victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation. International Migration, 48(4), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00628.x
- Butler, L. D., Critelli, F. M., & Rinfrette, E. S. (2011). Trauma-informed care and mental health. Directions in Psychiatry, 31(January), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1063
- Carbado, D. W., Crenshaw, K. W., Mays, V. M., & Tomlinson, B. (2013, September). Intersectionality: Mapping the movements of a theory. Du Bois Review, 10(2), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X13000349
- Cary, M., Oram, S., Howard, L. M., Trevillion, K., & Byford, S. (2016). Human trafficking and severe mental illness: An economic analysis of survivors’ use of psychiatric services. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1541-0
- Cho, S. Y. (2015). Human trafficking, A shadow of migration – Evidence from Germany. Journal of Development Studies, 51(7), 905–921. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2015.1010158
- Cole, J., & Sprang, G. (2015). Sex trafficking of minors in metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural communities. Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.07.015
- Couto, D. (2012). Tráfico de seres humanos: Perceçõessociais, percursos de vitimização e de sobrevivência [Trafficking in human beings: Social perceptions, pathways of victimization and survival] [PhD thesis], Universidade do Minho.
- Couto, D., & Fernandes, Â. (2014). Tráfico de seres humanos: Dimensões da intervenção e medidas de proteção [Trafficking in human beings: Dimensions of intervention and protective measures]. In M. Matos (Ed.), Vítimas de crime e violência: Práticas de intervenção [Victims of crime and violence: Intervention practices] (pp. 87–102). Psiquilibrios Edições.
- Cunha, A., Gonçalves, M., & Matos, M. (2018). Knowledge of trafficking in human beings among Portuguese social services and justice professionals. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 25, 1–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-018-9394-1
- Ehlers, A., Maercker, A., & Boos, A. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder following political imprisonment: The role of mental defeat, alienation, and perceived permanent change. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.1.45
- Farrell, A., Mcdevitt, J., Pfeffer, R., Fahy, S., Owens, C., Dank, M., & Adams, W. (2012, April). Identifying challenges to improve the investigation and prosecution of state and local human trafficking cases executive summary, 1–321. Urban Institute, Northeastern University. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/238795.pdf
- Farrell, A., Owens, C., & McDevitt, J. (2014). New laws but few cases: Understanding the challenges to the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases. Crime, Law and Social Change, 61(2), 139–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9442-1
- Fernandes, Â., Gonçalves, M., & Matos, M. (2020). “Who are the victims, who are the traffickers?” University students’ portrayals on human trafficking. Victims and Offenders, 15(2), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1711276
- Gajic-Veljanoski, O., & Stewart, D. E. (2007). Women trafficked into prostitution: Determinants, human rights and health needs. Transcultural Psychiatry, 44(3), 338–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461507081635
- Ghafoori, B., & Taylor, R. (2017). Age-related differences in trauma experiences, mental-health needs, and mental-health-service use in victims of human trafficking: A pilot investigation of transition-aged youth compared to older adults. Journal of Human Trafficking, 3(4), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2016.1219840
- Goldberg, A. P., Moore, J. L., Houck, C., Kaplan, D. M., & Barron, C. E. (2017). Domestic minor sex trafficking patients: A retrospective analysis of medical presentation. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 30(1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.08.010
- Gonçalves, M., Monteiro, I., & Matos, M. (2019). Trafficking in human beings: Knowledge of Portuguese college students. Journal of Human Trafficking, 6(1), 467–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2019.1631622
- Greenbaum, J. (2016). Identifying victims of human trafficking in the emergency department. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 17(4), 241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpem.2016.09.006
- Helfferich, C., Kavemann, B., & Rabe, H. (2011). Determinants of the willingness to make a statement of victims of human trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation in the triangle offender-police-victim. Trends in Organized Crime, 14(2–3), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-011-9125-1
- Hemmings, S., Jakobowitz, S., Abas, M., Bick, D., Howard, L. M., Stanley, N., … Oram, S. (2016). Responding to the health needs of survivors of human trafficking: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1538-8
- Hernandez, D., & Rudolph, A. (2015). Modern day slavery: What drives human trafficking in Europe? European Journal of Political Economy, 38, 118–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.02.002
- Hopper, E. K. (2017). Trauma-informed psychological assessment of human trafficking survivors. Women and Therapy, 40(1–2), 12–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1205905
- Hornor, G. (2015). Domestic minor sex trafficking: What the PNP needs to know. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 29(1), 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2014.08.016
- Hossain, M., Zimmerman, C., Abas, M., Light, M., & Watts, C. (2010). The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2442–2449. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229
- Huang, L. (2017). The trafficking of women and girls in Taiwan: Characteristics of victims, perpetrators, and forms of exploitation. BMC Women’s Health, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-017-0463-2
- Hughes, D. M. (2000). The” Natasha” trade: The transnational shadow market of trafficking in women. Journal of International Affairs, 52(3), 625–652. https://doi.org/0769512720
- Hughes, D. M. (2014). Trafficking in human beings in the european union: Gender, sexual exploitation, and digital communication technologies. SAGE Open, 4(4), 215824401455358. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014553585
- Ijadi-Maghsoodi, R., Bath, E., Cook, M., Textor, L., & Barnert, E. (2018). Commercially sexually exploited youths’ health care experiences, barriers, and recommendations: A qualitative analysis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 76(November2017), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.11.002
- Ioannou, M., & Oostinga, M. S. D. (2015). An empirical framework of control methods of victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Global Crime, 16(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2014.979915
- Jones, L., Engstrom, D. W., Hilliard, T., & Diaz, M. (2007). Globalization and human trafficking. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, XXXIV(2), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.3366/ajicl.2011.0005
- Jordan, J., Patel, B., & Rapp, L. (2013). Domestic minor sex trafficking: A social work perspective on misidentification, victims, buyers, traffickers, treatment, and reform of current practice. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(3), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.764198
- Kangaspunta, K. (2003). Mapping the inhuman trade: Preliminary findings on the database on trafficking in human beings. Focus on Crime and Society, 3(1–2), 81–103. https://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/forum/forum3_note1.pdf
- Kangaspunta, K. (2015). Was trafficking in persons really criminalised? Anti-Trafficking Review, (4), 80–97. https://doi.org/10.14197/atr.20121545
- Kemp, A., & Raijman, R. (2014). Bringing in state regulations, private brokers, and local employers: A meso-level analysis of labor trafficking in israel. International Migration Review, 48(3), 604–642. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12109
- Kempadoo, K. (2015). The modern-day white (wo)man’s burden: Trends in anti-trafficking and anti-slavery campaigns. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1(1), 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2015.1006120
- Kleemans, E. R., & Smit, M. (2014). Human smuggling, human trafficking, and exploitation in the sex industry. In Oxford handbook on organized crime (Issue Andrees, pp. 381–401). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199730445.013.011.
- Le, P. T. D., Ryan, N., Rosenstock, Y., & Goldmann, E. (2018). Health issues associated with commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children in the United States: A systematic review. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432554
- Logan, T. K., Walker, R., & Hunt, G. (2009). Understanding human trafficking in the United States. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 10(1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008327262
- Lourenço, E., Gonçalves, M., & Matos, M. (2018). Trafficking in human beings: Portuguese magistrates’ perceptions. Journal of Human Trafficking, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2018.1468160
- Macias Konstantopoulos, W., Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, T. P., … Burke, T. F. (2013). An international comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: Achieving a more effective health sector response. Journal of Urban Health, 90(6), 1194–1204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9837-4
- Macias-Konstantopoulos, W. (2016). Human trafficking: The role of medicine in interrupting the cycle of abuse and violence. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(8), 582. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-0094
- Mahmoud, T. O., & Trebesch, C. (2010). The economics of human trafficking and labour migration: Micro-evidence from Eastern Europe. Journal of Comparative Economics, 38(2), 173–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2010.02.001
- Martins, C., & Machado, C. (2006). Observação da interação humana: Considerações metodológicas. Psicologia: Teoria, Investigação e Prática, 11(2), 159–176.
- Matos, M., Gonçalves, M., & Maia, Â. (2018). Human trafficking and criminal proceedings in Portugal: Discourses of professionals in the justice system. Trends in Organized Crime, 21, 370–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-017-9317-4
- Matos, M., Gonçalves, M., & Maia, Â. (2019). Understanding the criminal justice process in human trafficking cases in Portugal: Factors associated with successful prosecutions. Crime, Law and Social Change, 72(5), 501–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09834-9
- Meyers, D. T. (2016). Recovering the human in human rights. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 12(3), 474–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872114528440
- Ministério da Administração Interna [MAI], Observatório do Tráfico de Seres Humanos [OTSH]. (2016). Relatório sobre Tráfico de Seres Humanos - 2015 [Trafficking in human beings report - 2015]. OTSH. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from http://www.otsh.mai.gov.pt/Recursos/Pages/default.aspx.
- Ministério da Administração Interna [MAI], Observatório do Tráfico de Seres Humanos [OTSH]. (2017). Relatório sobre Tráfico de Seres Humanos - 2016 [Trafficking in human beings report - 2016]. OTSH. Retrieved May 20, 2019, from http://www.otsh.mai.gov.pt/Recursos/Pages/default.aspx
- Muftić, L. R., & Finn, M. A. (2013). Health outcomes among women trafficked for sex in the United States: A closer look. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(9), 1859–1885. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512469102
- Musto, J. L. (2009). What’s in a name? Conflations and contradictions in contemporary U.S. discourses of human trafficking. Women’s Studies International Forum, 32(4), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.016
- Nagle, L. E. (2008). Selling souls: The effect of globalization on human trafficking and forced servitude. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 26(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2007.54.1.23
- Nguyen, P. T., Coverdale, J. H., & Gordon, M. R. (2017). Identifying, treating, and advocating for human trafficking victims: A key role for psychiatric inpatient units. General Hospital Psychiatry, 46, 41–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.02.006
- Nieuwenhuys, C., & Pecoud, A. (2007). Human trafficking, information campaigns, and strategies of migration control. American Behavioral Scientist, 50(12), 1674–1695. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764207302474
- O’Brien, E. (2016). Human trafficking heroes and villains. Social & Legal Studies, 25(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0964663915593410
- Oram, S., Stockl, H., Busza, J., Howard, L. M., & Zimmerman, C. (2012). Prevalence and risk of violence and the physical, mental, and sexual health problems associated with human trafficking: Systematic review. PLoS Med, 9(5), e1001224. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001224
- Perrin, B. (2010). Just passing through? international legal obligations and policies of transit countries in combating trafficking in persons. European Journal of Criminology, 7(1), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370809347946
- Rafferty, Y. (2013). Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: A review of promising prevention policies and programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 559–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajop.12056
- Roe-Sepowitz, D. E., Hickle, K. E., Dahlstedt, J., & Gallagher, J. (2014). Victim or whore: The similarities and differences between victim’s experiences of domestic violence and sex trafficking. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 24(8), 883–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.840552
- Rosenblatt, K. (2014). Determining the vulnerability factors, lures and recruitment methods used to entrap american children into sex trafficking. Sociology and Criminology-Open Access, 02(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4435.1000108
- Siegel, D., & de Blank, S. (2010). Women who traffic women: The role of women in human trafficking networks - Dutch cases. Global Crime, 11(4), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2010.519528
- Stanley, N., Oram, S., Jakobowitz, S., Westwood, J., Borschmann, R., Zimmerman, C., & Howard, L. M. (2016). The health needs and healthcare experiences of young people trafficked into the UK. Child Abuse and Neglect, 59, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.08.001
- Tsutsumi, A., Izutsu, T., Poudyal, A. K., Kato, S., & Marui, E. (2008). Mental health of female survivors of human trafficking in Nepal. Social Science and Medicine, 66(8), 1841–1847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025
- United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2013). Corruption and the smuggling of migrants. https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/2013/The_Role_Of_Corruption_in_the_Smuggling_of_Migrants_Issue_Paper_UNODC_2013.pdf
- UNODC. (2014). Global report on trafficking in persons 2014. http://www.unodc.org/documents/lpo-brazil//Topics_TIP/Publicacoes/GLOTIP_2014_full_report.pdf
- UNODC. (2016). Global report on trafficking in persons country profiles: Western and Central Europe, 87. http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Country_profiles/Western_Central_Europe.pdf
- Vala, J. (1986). A análise de conteúdo. In A. S. Silva & J. M. Pinto (eds.), Metodologia das ciências sociais (pp. 101–128). EdiçõesAfrontamento.
- Van der Leun, J., & Van Schijndel, A. (2016). Emerging from the shadows or pushed into the dark? The relation between the combat against trafficking in human beings and migration control. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 44, 26–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2015.04.001
- Verhoeven, M., & van Gestel, B. (2011). Human trafficking and criminal investigation strategies in the Amsterdam red light district. Trends in Organized Crime, 14(2–3), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12117-011-9126-0
- Walklate, S. (2011). Reframing criminal victimization: Finding a place for vulnerability and resilience. Theoretical Criminology, 15(2), 179–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362480610383452
- Weitzer, R. (2012). Sex trafficking and the sex industry: The need for evidence based theory and legislation. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 101(4), 1337–1370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-011-9335-0
- Weitzer, R. (2015). Human trafficking and contemporary slavery. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112506
- Westwood, J., Howard, L. M., Stanley, N., Zimmerman, C., Gerada, C., & Oram, S. (2016). Access to, and experiences of, healthcare services by trafficked people: Findings from a mixed-methods study in England. British Journal of General Practice, 66(652), e794–e801. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp16X687073
- Wheaton, E. M., Schauer, E. J., & Galli, T. V. (2010). Economics of human trafficking. International Migration, 48(4), 114–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2009.00592.x
- Wilson, B., & Butler, L. D. (2014). Running a gauntlet: A review of victimization and violence in the pre-entry, post-entry, and peri-/post-exit periods of commercial sexual exploitation. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 494–504. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032977
- Zimmerman, C. (2003). The health risks and consequences of trafficking in women and adolescents trafficking in women and adolescents: Findings from a European study. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025
- Zimmerman, C., Hossain, M., & Watts, C. (2011). Human trafficking and health: A conceptual model to inform policy, intervention and research. Social Science and Medicine, 73(2), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.028
- Zimmerman, C., & Kiss, L. (2017). Human trafficking and exploitation: A global health concern. PLoS Medicine, 14(11), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437
- Zimmerman, C., & Watts, C. (2003). WHO ethical and safety recommendations for interviewing trafficked women. World Health Organization. https://doi.org/ISBN9789241595681