Predictors of College Students’ Concern about Campus Gun Violence: A Comparison of Men and Women

References

• Adams, H., & Serpe, R. T. (2000). Social integration, fear of crime, and life satisfaction. Sociological Perspectives, 43(4), 605–629. https://doi.org/10.2307/2F1389550
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison, P. D. (1999). Comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups. Sociological Methods and Research, 28(2), 186–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124199028002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College Health Association. (2021). ACHA NCHA III: Spring 2020 reference group data report. Retrieved January 11, 2022, from https://www.acha.org/documents/ncha/NCHA-III_SPRING-2020_REFERENCE_GROUP_DATA_REPORT_updated.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boateng, F. D., & Adjekum-Boateng, N. S. (2017). Differential perceptions of fear of crime among college students: The race factor. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 15(2), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2017.1310683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boine, C., Siegel, M., Ross, C., Fleegler, E. W., & Alcorn, T. (2021). What is gun culture? Cultural variations and trends across the United States. Humanities & Social Science Communications, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-0520-6
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., Miller, W. E., & Stokes, D. E. (1960). The American voter. John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Capatides, C., & Fieldstadt, E. (2016, February 12). America’s favorite guns. CBS News. https://www.Cbsnews.com/pictures/most-popular-guns-in-america/7/
   Google Scholar
• Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. Critical Review, 18 (1–3), 1–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443650 Original work published 2006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrall, S. D., Jackson, J., & Gray, E. (2009). Social order and the fear of crime in contemporary times. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferraro, K. F. (1996). Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk. SUNY press.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. W., Higgins, E. M., Kupchik, A., Viano, S., Curren, F. C., Overstreet, S., Plumlee, B., & Coffey, B. (2022). Protecting the flock or policing the sheep? Differences in school resource officers’ perceptions of threats by school racial composition. Social Problems, 69(2), 316–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., & Sloan, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the “shadow of sexual assault hypothesis” supported? Justice Quarterly, 20(3), 633–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, B. S., Sloan, J. J., Cullen, F. T., & Lie, C. (1998). Crime in the Ivory Tower: The level and sources of student victimization. Criminology, 36(3), 671–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01262.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, K. A., Nobles, M. R., & Piquero, A. R. (2009). Gender, crime victimization and fear of crime. Security Journal, 22(1), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2008.13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, T. W., Franklin, C. A., & Fearn, N. E. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the vulnerability, disorder, and social integration models of fear of crime. Social Justice Research, 21(2), 204–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0069-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C. L., Zhao, J., Lovrich, N. P., & Gaffney, M. J. (2002). Social integration, individual perceptions of collective efficacy, and fear of crime in three cities. Justice Quarterly, 19(3), 537–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. (2021). Who can have a gun? Minimum age to purchase & possess. https://giffords.org/lawcenter/gun-laws/policy-areas/who-can-have-a-gun/minimum-age/
   Google Scholar
• Hassett, M. R., & Kim, B. (2021). Campus carry attitudes revisited: Variations within the university campus community. Journal of School Violence, 20(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2021.1907586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, B. E., Powers, R. A., & O’Neal, E. N. (2021). What’s under the regalia? An examination of campus concealed weapon carrying behavior and attitudes toward policies. Journal of School Violence, 20(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2020.1839475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson, B., & Reyns, B. W. (2015). The only thing we have to fear is fear itself … and crime: The current state of the fear of crime literature and where it should go next. Sociology Compass, 9(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoetker, G. (2004). Confounded coefficients: Accurately comparing logit and probit coefficients across groups. Working Papers 03-0100, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Business. https://ideas.repec.org/s/ecl/illbus.html
   Google Scholar
• Hoetker, G. (2007). The use of logit and probit models in strategic management research: Critical issues. Strategic Management Journal, 28(4), 331–348. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, C. V., Ergun, & Federico, C. M. (2008). La relación entre los estados afectivos y la estructura de las actitudes políticas. Psicología Política, 37(November), 7–28.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, M. (2018, April 7). Campus shootings since April 17, 2007. Collegiate Times. https://www.collegiatetimes.com/news/campus-shootings-since-april-17-2007/table_ae9fcd46-3a97-11e8-928f-930c5407868a.html
   Google Scholar
• Karp, A. (2018, June). Estimating global civilian-held firearms numbers. Small Arms Survey. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Australia. Retrieved October 2, 2021, from https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-BP-Civilian-Firearms-Numbers.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Killias, M. (1990). Vulnerability: Towards a better understanding of a key variable in the genesis of fear of crime. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 97–108. https://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv.5.2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Killias, M., & Clerici, C. (2000). Different measures of vulnerability in their relation to different dimensions of fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 437–450. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/40.3.437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, Y. L., Ren, L., & Greenleaf, R. (2017). Residence-based fear of crime: A routine activities approach. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 61(9), 1011–1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0306624X15625054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane, J., Rader, N. E., May, D. C., Fisher, B. S., & Henson, B. (2014). Fear of crime in the United States: Causes, consequences, and contradictions. Carolina Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, B. J., & Lang, M. (2021). Pandemics, protests, and firearms. American Journal of Health Economics, 7(2), 131–168. https://doi.org/10.1086/713035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langman, P. (2016). Multi-victim school shootings in the United States: A fifty-year review. The Journal of Campus Behavioral Intervention, 4, 5–17. https://doi.org/10.17732/JBIT2016/2
   Google Scholar
• Li, C. (2013). Little’s test of missing completely at random. The Stata Journal, 13(4), 795–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1301300407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2017). The mental health consequences of mass shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015591572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcinkowski, T., & Reid, A. (2019). Reviews of research on the attitude–behavior relationship and their implications for future environmental education research. Environmental Education Research, 25(4), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2019.1634237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean, R. M., Harris, P., Cullen, J., Maier, R. V., Yasuda, K. E., Schwartz, B. J., & Benjamin, G. C. (2019). Firearm-related injury and death in the United States: A call to action from the nation’s leading physician and public health professional organizations. Annals of Internal Medicine, 171(8), 573–577. https://doi.org/10.7326/M19-2441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon-Howard, J., Scherer, H., & McCafferty, J. T. (2020). Concealed guns on college campuses: Examining support for campus carry among faculty, staff, and students. Journal of School Violence, 19(2), 138–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2018.1553717
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, D., & Grollman, E. A. (2014). Sexual orientation and fear at night: Gender differences among sexual minorities and heterosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(4), 453–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.834212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. E., Dragon, C., Daus, G., Holzberg, J., Kaplan, R., Menne, H., & Spiegelman, M. (2020). Updates on terminology of sexual orientation and gender identity survey measures. ( fcsm 20-03). Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology. Retrieved July 5, 2021 from https://nces.ed.gov/fcsm/
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. E., & Thompson, A. (2021). Criminal victimization, 2020. NCJ 301775. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://bjs.ojp.gov/sites/g/files/xyckuh236/files/media/document/cv20.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Myers, W., Turanovic, J. J., Lloyd, K. M., & Pratt, T. C. (2020). The victimization of LGBTQ students at school: A meta-analysis. Journal of School Violence, 19(4), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2020.1725530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Conference of State Legislatures. (2019). Guns on campus: Overview. National conference on state legislatures. Retrieved October 4, 2021, from https://www.ncsl.org/research/education/guns-on-campus-overview.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Perlmutt, D., & Turkewitz, J. (2019, May 1). U.N.C. Charlotte student couldn’t run, so he tackled the gunman. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/01/us/unc-charlotte-shooting.html
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, J., & Densley, J. (2019, May 2). University of North Carolina at Charlotte shooting has these things in common with other campus shootings. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/university-of-north-carolina-at-charlotte-shooting-has-these-things-in-common-with-other-campus-shootings-116409
   Google Scholar
• Pickett, J. T., Graham, A., & Cullen, F. T. (2022). The American racial divide in fear of the police. Criminology, 60 (2), 291–320. Forthcoming. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12298
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, J. H., & Khubchandani, J. (2022, February 15). Firearms on college campuses: An empirical review of support and opposition. Violence and Gender, 9(2), 63–72. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2021.0046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rader, N. E., Cossman, J. S., & Porter, J. R. (2012). Fear of crime and vulnerability: Using a national sample of Americans to examine two competing paradigms. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(2), 134–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rountree, P. W. (1998). A reexamination of the crime-fear linkage. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(3), 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/2F0022427898035003005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer, J., Heiple, E., Giblin, M., & Burruss, G., Jr. (2010). Critical incident preparedness and response at post-secondary campuses. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(3), 311–317. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, H. L., McMahon-Howard, J., & McCafferty, J. T. (2021). Hesitant to pull the trigger: How the perceived impact of guns on campus influences support or opposition to campus carry laws. Journal of Crime and Justice, 44(1), 85–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2020.1740103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultz, J. M., Thoresen, S., Flynn, B. W., Muschert, G. W., Shaw, J. A., Espinel, Z., Walter, F. G., Gaither, J. B., Garcia-Barcena, Y., O’Keefe, K., & Cohen, A. M. (2014). Multiple vantage points on the mental health effects of mass shootings. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(9), 469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0469-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan, W. G., & Maxfield, M. G. (1981). Coping with crime: Individual and neighborhood reactions. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sloan III, J. J., & Fisher, B. S. (2022). Concealed Carrying on Campus in the Post–Virginia Tech Era: Dimensions of State Regulation and Differences in Contexts of Influence Within Them. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 33(1), 45–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211028276
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. J. (2021). The politics of gun control (8th ed.). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, R. M., & Farrall, S. (2005). Gender, socially desirable responding and the fear of crime: Are women really more anxious about crime? British Journal of Criminology, 45(2), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azh084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, A., Price, J. H., Mrdjenovich, A., & Khubchandani, J. (2009). Reducing firearm related violence on college campuses: Police Chiefs perceptions and practices. Journal of American College Health, 58(3), 247–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480903295367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuck, J. A. (2022). The constitutional right to carry firearms on campus. William & Mary Law Review, 63(3), 1047–1074. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol63/iss3/7
   Google Scholar
• UCLA Statistical Consulting Group. (2022). UCLA regression with stata chapter 4: Beyond OLS. Retrieved June 22, 2022, from https://stats.oarc.ucla.edu/stata/webbooks/reg/chapter4/regressionwith-statachapter-4-beyond-ols/
   Google Scholar
• Warr, M. (2000). Fear of crime in the United States: Avenues for research and policy. Criminal Justice, 4(4), 451–489. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/fear-crime-united-states-avenues-research-and-policy
   Google Scholar
• Wilcox, P., Jordan, C. E., & Pritchard, A. J. (2007). A multidimensional examination of campus safety: Victimization, perceptions of danger, worry about crime, and precautionary behavior among college women in the post-Clery era. Crime & Delinquency, 53(2), 219–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/0097700405283664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams Institute. (2009). Best practices for asking questions about sexual orientation on surveys (SMART). https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/smart-so-survey/
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R. A., & Quiroz, C. (2019). Ordinal regression models. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J. W. Sakshaug, & R. A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE research methods foundations. Sage Publications, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526421036885901
   Google Scholar
• Yuan, Y., & McNeeley, S. (2017). Social ties, collective efficacy, and crime-specific fear in Seattle neighborhoods. Victims & Offenders, 12(1), 90–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2015.1006799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar