The Investigation of Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Tall Oil Biodiesel With a Co-based Additive

References

• Altiparmak , D. , Keskin , A. , Koca , A. and Gürü , M. 2007 . Alternative fuel properties of the tall oil fatty acids methyl ester-diesel fuel blends . Biores. Technol. , 91 : 241 – 246 .
   Google Scholar
• Al-Zuhair , S. , Jayaraman , K. V. , Krishnan , S. and Chan , W. H. 2006 . The effect of fatty acid concentration and water content on the production of biodiesel by lipase . Biochem. Eng. J. , 30 : 212 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biermann , C. J. 1993 . Essentials of Pulping and Papermaking San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bozbas , K. 2008 . Biodiesel as an alternative motor fuel: Production and policies in the European Union . Renew. & Sustain. Energy Rev. , 12 : 542 – 552 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canakci , M. 2007 . Combustion characteritics of a turbocharged DI compression ignition engine fueled with petroleum diesel fuels and biodiesel . Biomass & Bioenergy , 98 : 1167 – 1175 .
   Google Scholar
• Caton , J. A. , Ruemmele , W. P. , Kelso , D. T. and Epperly , W. R. 1991 . Performance and fuel consumption of a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine using a platinum fuel additive. Transactions of the Society of Automotive Engineers—Journal of Fuels and Lubricants , 4 : 45 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Chongkhong , S. , Tongurai , C. , Chetpattananondh , P. and Bunyakan , C. 2007 . Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate . Biomass & Bioenergy , 31 : 563 – 568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew , J. and Propst , M. 1981 . Tall Oil New York : Pulp Chemicals Association .
   Google Scholar
• Dube , M. A. , Tremblay , A. Y. and Liu , J. 2007 . Biodiesel production using a membrane reactor . Biores. Technol. , 98 : 639 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mashad , H. M. , Zhang , R. and Avena-Bustillos , R. J. 2008 . A two-step process for biodiesel production from salmon oil . Biosystems Eng. , 99 : 220 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felizardo , P. , Correia , M. J. N. , Raposo , I. , Mendes , J. F. , Berkemeier , R. and Bordado , J. M. 2006 . Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils . Waste Mgmt. , 26 : 487 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuda , H. , Kondo , A. and Noda , H. 2001 . Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils . J. Biosci. & Bioeng. , 92 : 405 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürü , M. , Karakaya , U. , Altiparmak , D. and Alicilar , A. 2002 . Improvement of diesel fuel properties by using additives . Energy Convers. Mgmt. , 43 : 1021 – 1025 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haas , M. J. 2005 . Improving the economics of biodiesel production through the use of low value lipids as feedstocks: Vegetable oil soapstock . Fuel Proc. Technol. , 86 : 1087 – 1096 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasper , M. , Sattler , K. , Siegmann , K. , Matter , U. and Siegmann , H. C. 1999 . The infuence of fuel additives on the formation of carbon during combustion . J. Aerosol Sci. , 30 : 217 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegl , B. 2006 . Numerical analysis of injection characteristics using biodiesel fuel . Fuel , 85 : 2377 – 2387 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin , A. , Gürü , M. and Altiparmak , D. 2007 . Biodiesel production from tall oil with synthesized Mn and Ni based additives: Effects of the additives on fuel consumption and emissions . Fuel , 86 : 1139 – 1143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin , A. , Gürü , M. and Altiparmak , D. 2008a . Influence of tall oil biodiesel with Mg and Mo based fuel additives on diesel engine performance and emission . Biores. Technol. , 99 : 6434 – 6438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keskin , A. , Gürü , M. , Altiparmak , D. and Aydin , K. 2008b . Using of cotton oil soapstock biodiesel–diesel fuel blends as an alternative diesel fuel . Renew. Energy , 33 : 553 – 557 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapuerta , M. , Rodriguez-Fernandez , J. and Agudelo , J. R. 2008 . Diesel particulate emissions from used cooking oil biodiesel . Biores. Technol. , 99 : 731 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung , D. Y. C. , Koo , B. C. P. and Guo , Y. 2006 . Degradation of biodiesel under different storage conditions . Biores. Technol. , 97 : 250 – 256 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , C. Y. and Lin , H. A. 2006 . Diesel engine performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel produced by the peroxidation process . Fuel , 85 : 298 – 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira , J. M. F. 1996 . Crude tall-oil components . Separation Sci. & Tech. , 31 : 2307 – 2316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashtoush , G. , Al-Widyan , M. I. and Al-Shyoukh , A. O. 2003 . Combustion performance and emissions of ethyl ester of a waste vegetable oil in a water-cooled furnace . Appl. Thermal Eng. , 23 : 285 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usta , N. , Öztürk , E. , Can , Ö. , Conkur , E. S. , Nas , S. , Çon , A. H. , Can , A. Ç. and Topçu , M. 2005 . Combustion of biodiesel fuel produced from hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture in a diesel engine . Energy Convers. & Mgmt. , 46 : 741 – 755 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine , J. M. , Peter-Hoblyn , J. D. and Acres , G. K. 2000 . Emissions reduction and improved fuel economy performance from a bimetallic platinum/cerium diesel fuel additive at ultra-low dose rates , SAE Paper 1901–1934
   Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen , J. 2005 . Biodiesel processing and production . Fuel Proc. Technol. , 86 : 1097 – 1107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gerpen , V. J. , Shanks , B. , Pruszko , R. , Clement , D. and Knothe , G. 2004 . Basics of biodiesel production technology , NREL/SR-510–36244 Golden, CO : National Renewable Energy Laboratory .
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y. , Dube , M. A. , McLean , D. D. and Kates , M. 2003 . Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment . Biores. Technol. , 89 : 1 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zullaikah , S. , Lai , C. C. , Vali , S. R. and Ju , Y. H. 2005 . A two-step acid-catalyzed process for the production of biodiesel from rice bran oil . Biores. Technol. , 96 : 1889 – 1896 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar