An investigation of poultry farm waste as potential fuel and source of nutrients for agricultural land

References

• Agblevor, F. A., S. Beis, S. Kim, R. Tarrant, and N. Mante. 2010. Biocrude oils from the fast pyrolysis of poultry litter and hardwood. Waste Management 30 (2):298–307. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn, S., G. Choi, and D. Kim. 2014. The effect of wood biomass blending with pulverized coal on combustion characteristics under oxy-fuel condition. Biomass and Bioenergy 71:144–54. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bereau-of-Statistics. 2015. Punjab development statistics. http://www.bos.gop.pk/system/files/Dev-2015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Biagini, E., F. Barontini, and L. Tognotti. 2006. Devolatilization of biomass fuels and biomass components studied by TG/FTIR technique. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 45 (13):4486–93. doi:10.1021/ie0514049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burhenne, L., J. Messmer, T. Aicher, and M.-P. Laborie. 2013. The effect of the biomass components lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose on TGA and fixed bed pyrolysis. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 101:177–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2013.01.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalaglio, G., V. Coccia, F. Cotana, M. Gelosia, A. Nicolini, and A. Petrozzi. 2018. Energy from poultry waste: An Aspen Plus-based approach to the thermo-chemical processes. Waste Management 73:496–503. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.05.037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chisholm, H. 1911. Ammonia encyclopedia britannica, vol. 1, 11 ed., 861–63.  Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dagnall, S. 1993. Poultry litter as a fuel. World’s Poultry Science Journal 49 (2):175–77. doi:10.1079/WPS19930017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawn-news. 2016, 5th August. 7 facts about Pakistan’s energy crisis and how you can help end it. Dawn News. http://www.dawn.com/news/1275116.
   Google Scholar
• Directive, C. 2000. Directive 2000/34 EC of the European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the European Community 195:41–45.
   Google Scholar
• Gaskin, J. W., C. Steiner, K. Harris, K. Das, and B. Bibens. 2008. Effect of low-temperature pyrolysis conditions on biochar for agricultural use. Transactions of the ASABE 51 (6):2061–69. doi:10.13031/2013.25409.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girisuta, B. 2007. Levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Doctoral dissertation, University of Groningen.
   Google Scholar
• Gürkan, G. A. K., B. Demirel, K. Ç. Selvi, Ö. Kabas, and V. Vladut. 2016. Evaluation of waste biomass from oat cultivation for energy. Acta Technica Corviniensis-Bulletin of Engineering 9 (3):163.
   Google Scholar
• Henihan, A. M., M. J. Leahy, J. Leahy, E. Cummins, and B. Kelleher. 2003. Emissions modeling of fluidised bed co-combustion of poultry litter and peat. Bioresource Technology 87 (3):289–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ijaz, S. S. 2018. Organic matter status of Pakistan soils and its management in special reports/organic farming http://www.pakissan.com/english/advisory/organic.farming/organic.matter.status.of.pakistan.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Kaini, K. 2017. Power cuts return as shortfall touches 7000MW. The Dawn News p1.
   Google Scholar
• Kirubakaran, V., V. Sivaramakrishnan, M. Premalatha, and P. Subramanian. 2007. Kinetics of auto-gasification of poultry litter. International Journal of Green Energy 4 (5):519–34. doi:10.1080/15435070701583102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, M. V., and E. Özgür. 2013. Thermal analysis and kinetics of biomass samples. Fuel Processing Technology 106:739–43. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.10.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch, D., A. M. Henihan, B. Bowen, D. Lynch, K. McDonnell, W. Kwapinski, and J. Leahy. 2013. Utilisation of poultry litter as an energy feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy 49:197–204. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mante, O. D., and F. A. Agblevor. 2010. Influence of pine wood shavings on the pyrolysis of poultry litter. Waste Management 30 (12):2537-2547. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.07.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. H., and M. Lefcort 2002. An analysis of the feasibility of using broiler litter as a fuel. Paper presented at the fuel and energy abstracts. vol. 11 doi:10.1044/1059-0889(2002/er01).
   Google Scholar
• Mau, V., and A. Gross. 2018. Energy conversion and gas emissions from production and combustion of poultry-litter-derived hydrochar and biochar. Applied Energy 213:510–19. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munir, S., S. S. Daood, W. Nimmo, A. M. Cunliffe, and B. M. Gibbs. 2009. Thermal analysis and devolatilization kinetics of cotton stalk, sugar cane bagasse and shea meal under nitrogen and air atmospheres. Bioresource Technology 100 (3):1413–18. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2008.07.065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayyer, N. A. Z. 2004. Prospects of renewable energy sources of Pakistan. Paper presented at the renewable energy technologies & sustainable develoment, 2005, COMSATS 2004 Conference, Lahore, Pakistan.
   Google Scholar
• Onenc, S., S. Retschitzegger, N. Evic, N. Kienzl, and J. Yanik. 2018. Characteristics and synergistic effects of co-combustion of carbonaceous wastes with coal. Waste Management 71:192–99. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.10.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rejeesh, C., and K. Saju. 2017. Methods and materials for reducing flammability behaviour of coir fibre based composite boards: a review. Materials Today: Proceedings 4 (9):9399–407. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.06.193.
   Google Scholar
• Santos Dalólio, F., J. N. Da Silva, A. C. Carneiro de Oliveira, I. D. F. Ferreira Tinôco, R. Christiam Barbosa, M. D. O. Resende, … S. Teixeira Coelho. 2017. Poultry litter as biomass energy: A review and future perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 76:941–49. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlecki, M., W. De Jong, and A. H. Verkooijen. 2011. Fluidized bed gasification as a mature and reliable technology for the production of bio-syngas and applied in the production of liquid transportation fuels—A review. Energies 4 (3):389–434. doi:10.3390/en4030389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoot, L. D., S. Hill, and H. Xu. 1998. NOx control through reburning1. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 24 (5):385–408. doi:10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00022-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W., and M. Guo. 2012. Quality variations of poultry litter biochar generated at different pyrolysis temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 94:138–45. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2011.11.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stingone, J. A., and S. Wing. 2011. Poultry litter incineration as a source of energy: Reviewing the potential for impacts on environmental health and justice. New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 21 (1):27-42. doi:10.2190/NS.21.1.g.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Styles, D., and M. B. Jones. 2008. Life-cycle environmental and economic impacts of energy-crop fuel-chains: An integrated assessment of potential GHG avoidance in Ireland. Environmental Science & Policy 11 (4):294–306. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.01.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toptas, A., Y. Yildirim, G. Duman, and J. Yanik. 2015. Combustion behavior of different kinds of torrefied biomass and their blends with lignite. Bioresource Technology 177:328–36. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vamvuka, D., S. Sfakiotakis, and K. Panopoulos. 2013. An experimental study on the thermal valorization of municipal and animal wastes. Int. J. Energy Environ 4:191-198.
   Google Scholar
• Vassilev, S. V., D. Baxter, L. K. Andersen, and C. G. Vassileva. 2010. An overview of the chemical composition of biomass. Fuel 89 (5):913–33. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2009.10.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vhathvarothai, N., J. Ness, and Q. J. Yu. 2014. An investigation of thermal behaviour of biomass and coal during copyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis. International Journal of Energy Research 38 (9):1145–54. doi:10.1002/er.v38.9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, A., J. Jones, L. Ma, and M. Pourkashanian. 2012. Pollutants from the combustion of solid biomass fuels. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 38 (2):113–37. doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2011.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, H., K. Yip, Z. Kong, C.-Z. Li, D. Liu, Y. Yu, and X. Gao. 2011. Removal and recycling of inherent inorganic nutrient species in mallee biomass and derived biochars by water leaching. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50 (21):12143–51. doi:10.1021/ie200679n.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yurdakul, S. 2016. Determination of co-combustion properties and thermal kinetics of poultry litter/coal blends using thermogravimetry. Renewable Energy 89:215-223. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabaniotou, A. A., E. K. Kantarelis, and D. C. Theodoropoulos. 2008. Sunflower shells utilization for energetic purposes in an integrated approach of energy crops: Laboratory study pyrolysis and kinetics. Bioresource Technology 99 (8):3174–81. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y., Z. Pan, and R. Zhang. 2009. Overview of biomass pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2 (3):51–68.
   Google Scholar