Investigation of palm-castor oil blends as base stocks of bio-lubricants for industrial applications

References

• Ahmed, N. S., and A. M. Nassar. 2011. Lubricating Oil Additives, Tribology - Lubricants and Lubrication, Dr Chang Hung Kuo (Ed),  ISBN: 978-953-307-371-2, In Tech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/tribology-lubricants-and-lubrication/lubricating-oil-additives
   Google Scholar
• American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology and Sciences (ASRJETS). 2018. ISSN(P) 2313-4410, Vol. 48.
   Google Scholar
• Ayoola, A. A., P. A. L. Anawe, M. E. Ojewumi, and R. J. Amaribi. 2016. Comparison of the Properties of Palm oil and Palm Kernel Oil Biodiesel in relation to the degree of Unsaturation of their oil feedstocks, International Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences (IJANS), ISSN(P) 2319-4014, 5: 1–8
   Google Scholar
• Bongfa, B., P. A. Atabor, A. Barnabas, and M. O. Adeoti. 2015. Comparison of lubricant properties of castor oil and commercial engine oil. Journal of Tribology 5 (5):1–111.
   Google Scholar
• Bongfa, S. Syahrullail, M. K. A. Hamid, P. M. Samin, and M. O. Adeoti. 2018. Coconut-castor oil blend as sustainable basestock for IC engine oils: The Low-Temperature Fluidity, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Green Energy Technology (ICGET 2018), 10th to 12th July 2018, (pp. 124-128), Amsterdam, Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Briggs, T., and J. Victor. 2014. Determination of suitability of groundnut oil as a hydraulic fluid. European Journal of Mechanics 1 (1):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Covitch, M. J., and K. J. Trickett. 2015. How polymers behave as viscosity index improvers in lubricating oils. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 5 (April):134–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2015.52015.
   Google Scholar
• Density’s Role in Lubricant Performance. Accessed February 21, 2018 http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29216/density-lubricant-performance
   Google Scholar
• Eddy, N. O., and A. S. Ekop. 2007. Effect of additives on some physical parameters of palm oil. E-Journal of Chemistry 4 (3):350–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/189696.
   Google Scholar
• Ellison, S. L. R., M. Rosslein, and A. Williams. 2000. EARUACHEM/CITAC Guide 4: Quantifying uncertainty in analytical measurement. Eurachem.
   Google Scholar
• Engine, S. I., I. R. Ejilah, and A. A. Asere. 2008. A comparative performance and emission analysis of blended groundnut oil and mineral oil based lubricants using A. Cigr X:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Erhan, S. Z., B. K. Sharma, and J. M. Perez. 2006. Oxidation and low temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Industrial Crops and Products 24:292–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2006.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghani, J. A., Y. S. Kian, C. Hassan, and C. Harun. 2015. Performance of commercial and palm oil lubricants in turning FCD700 ductile cast iron using carbide tools. Journal of Tribology 7 (7):1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Giakoumis, E. G., and E. G. Giakoumis. 2013. A statistical investigation of biodiesel physical and chemical properties, and their correlation with the degree of unsaturation. Renewable Energy50:858–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.07.040.
   Google Scholar
• Grasas. 2010. Physico-chemical properties of blends of palm olein with other vegetable oils. 61 (4):423–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.010710.
   Google Scholar
• Gülüm, M., and A. Bilgin. 2015. Density, flash point and heating value variations of corn oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Fuel Processing Technology 134:456–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.02.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gülüm, M., and A. Bilgin. 2016. Two-term power models for estimating kinematic viscosities of different biodiesel-diesel fuel blends. Fuel Processing Technology 149:121–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.04.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gülüm, M., and A. Bilgin. 2017. Measurements and empirical correlations in predicting biodiesel-diesel blends’ viscosity and density. Fuel 199 (x):567–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Gülüm, M., and A. Bilgin. 2018. A comprehensive study on measurement and prediction of viscosity of biodiesel-diesel-alcohol ternary blends. Energy 148:341–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.01.123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulum, M., F. Kutlu Onay, and A. Bilgin. 2018. Evaluation of predictive capabilities of regression models and artificial neural networks for density and viscosity measurements of different biodiesel-diesel-vegetable oil ternary blends. Environmental and Climate Technologies 22 (1):179–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2018-0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gülüm, M., F. K. Onay, and A. Bilgin. 2018. Comparison of viscosity prediction capabilities of regression models and artificial neural networks. Energy 161:361–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, M. 2015. Tribological features of refined, bleached and deodourised (RBD) palm olein blends with mineral oil. Journal Mekanikal. 38 (March):21–31.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, M., F. N. Ani, and S. Syahrullail. 2016. The tribological characteristics of rbd palm olein with jatropha oil blend using four-ball tribotester with different normal loads. Applied Mechanics and Materials 819 (March):499–503. doi:https://doi.org/10.4028/j.energy.2018http://www.scientific.net/amm.819.499.
   Google Scholar
• Heikal, E. K., M. Elmelawy, S. A. Khalil, and N. Elbasuny. 2016. Manufacturing of environment friendly biolubricants from vegetable oils. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 26 (1):53–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.03.003.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, A., A. Ali, M. Adeel, and M. Hassan. 2018. Investigation the tribological characteristics of Castor Oil with Mineral Oil Blends, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 37 (1).
   Google Scholar
• Kazeem, O., O. Taiwo, A. Kazeem, and D. Mondiu. 2014. Determination of some physical properties of castor (Ricirus Communis) Oil. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology3 (12):1503–1508.
   Google Scholar
• Klüber. 2014. Lubricant Challenges in Extreme Cold Environments. Technical Article, Kluber Lubrication.
   Google Scholar
• Lawal, S. A., I. A. Choudhury, and Y. Nukman. 2011. Application of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining ferrous metals—A review. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2011.09.003.
   Google Scholar
• Li, W., and X. Wang. 2015. Bio-lubricants derived from waste cooking oil with improved oxidation stability and low-temperature properties. Journal of Oleo Science 64 (4):367–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess14235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liew Yun, H. W. 2015. Towards green lubrication in machining. 13 (46):13 . http://springer.com/978-981-287-265-4 doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-266-1.
   Google Scholar
• Mannekote, J. K., and S. V. Kailas. 2009. Experimental investigation of coconut and palm oils as lubricants in four - stroke engine. Tribology Online, 6 (1):76–82doi:https://doi.org/10.2474/trol.6.76.
   Google Scholar
• Marotrao, T. K. 0000. Physiochemical properties of oil blend and their effects on lubrication properties. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research 1 (3):35–38.
   Google Scholar
• MATEC Web of Conferences. 2017, Sriwijaya International Conference on Engineering, Science and Technology (SICEST 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Mejía, J. D., N. Salgado, and C. E. Orrego. 2013. Effect of blends of diesel and palm-castor biodiesels on viscosity, cloud point and flash point. Industrial Crops and Products 43 (1):791–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.08.026.
   Google Scholar
• Mia, S., and N. Ohno. 2010. GE06 prospect of mustard and coconut oil as environment friendly lubricant for Bangladesh. Proceedings of International Conference on Environmental Aspects of Bangladesh (ICEAB 10), University of  Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan, September.
   Google Scholar
• Moffat, R. J. 1988. Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 1 (1):3–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0894-1777(88)90043-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadia Salih, K., J. Salimon, and E. Yousif. 2013. The effect of chemical structure on pour point, oxidative stability and tribological properties of oleic acid triester derivatives. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences 17 (1):119–28. Struktur Kimia Pada Titik Pour, Pengoksidaan Dan Sifat Tribological Derivatif Triester Asid Oleik.
   Google Scholar
• Olawale, K. B., N. A. Mukhtar, and D. A. Olushola. 2018. Experimental investigation of heat conduction and cooling properties of vegetable oil blends in machining. International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering and Technology (IJSRET)7 (11):799–808.
   Google Scholar
• Ozioko, F. U. 2014. Synthesis and study of properties of biolubricant based on moringa oleifera oil for industrial application. AU Journal of Technology 17 (3):137–42.
   Google Scholar
• Patel, V. R., G. G. Dumancas, L. C. K. Viswanath, R. Maples, B. John, J. Subong, J. Subong, and J. Subong. 2016. Castor oil: Properties, uses, and optimization of processing parameters in commercial production. Lipid Insights 9:LPI.S40233. doi:https://doi.org/10.4137/Lpi.s40233.
   Google Scholar
• Quinchia, L. A., M. A. Delgado, J. M. Franco, H. A. Spikes, and C. Gallegos. 2012. Low-temperature flow behaviour of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Industrial Crops and Products 37 (1):383–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2011.12.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, K. S. V. K., N. Kabra, U. Kunchum, and T. Vijayakumar. 2014. Experimental investigation on usage of palm oil as a lubricant to substitute mineral oil in ci engines. Chinese Journal of Engineering 2014:1–5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/643521.
   Google Scholar
• Refaat, A. A. 2009. Correlation between the chemical structure of biodiesel and its physical properties. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 6 (4):677–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S, B. 2013. Production of biolubricant from jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science 4 (6):72–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/JCEMS2013.0164.
   Google Scholar
• Salih, N., J. Salimon, B. M. Abdullah, and E. Yousif. 2017. Thermo-oxidation, friction-reducing and physicochemical properties of ricinoleic acid based-diester biolubricants. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10:S2273–S2280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman Basha, S., M. Pavan Kumar, and V. Nageswararao. 2017. Experimental investigation of crude palm oil as engine oil in 4s Si engine. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 887:2321–9653.
   Google Scholar
• Sanni, S. E., J. O. Odigure, V. Efeovbokhan, and M. E. Emetere. 2017. Comparative study of lube oils syhthesized from chemically modified castor and soybean oils using additive. Science and Engineering Application 2 (2):134–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.26705/SAEA.2017.2.2.134-141.
   Google Scholar
• Satrallah, A. 2014. Kinematic viscosity versus temperature for vegetable oils: Argan, avocado and olive (April). Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 8 (2):342–345.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. K. 2010. Author’s personal copy castor oil-based lubricant reduces smoke emission in two-stroke engines. Industrial Crops and Products 33:287–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.12.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soni, S., and M. Agarwal. 2014. Green chemistry letters and reviews lubricants from renewable energy sources – A review. Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews 7 (4):359–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2014.959565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhane, A. Rehman and H. K. Khaira. 2012. Potential of non edible vegetable oils as an alternative lubricants in automotive applications. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 2 (5):1330–35.
   Google Scholar
• Syahrullail, S., N. Nuraliza, M. Izhan, M. Abdul Hamid, and D. Md Razaka. 2013. Wear characteristic of palm olein as lubricant in different rotating speed nomenclature friction coefficient F frictional force (N) N normal load (N) COF coefficient of friction PO RBD palm olein HO hydraulic oil. Procedia Engineering 2013 (68). doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.162.
   Google Scholar
• Syahrullail, S., S. Kamitani, and A. Shakirin. 2013. Performance of vegetable oil as lubricant in extreme pressure condition. Procedia Engineering 68:172–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROENG.2013.12.164.
   Google Scholar
• Talkit, K. M., D. T. Mahajan, and V. H. Masand. 0000. Analytical studies on lubrication properties of different vegetable oils blends at different temperatures. Archives of Applied Science Research 7 (5):22–26.
   Google Scholar
• Talkit, K. M., D. T. Mahajan, and V. H. Masand. 2012. Study on physicochemical properties of vegetable oils and their blends use as possible ecological lubricant. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 4 (12):5139–44.
   Google Scholar
• Uludamar, E., V. Karaman, S. Yildizhan, and H. Serin. 2016. Improvement of density, viscosity and cold flow properties of palm oil biodiesel by alcohol addition. International Journal of Engineering Technologies, 2 (2):64–67.
   Google Scholar
• Valantina, S. R., D. Susan, S. Bavasri, V. Priyadarshini, R. R. Saraswathi, and M. Suriya. 2016. Experimental investigation of electro-rheological properties of modeled vegetable oils. Journal of Food Science and Technology 53 (2):1328–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2050-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vertellus, O. 2000. Castor oil and its chemistry. Trade Literature (800):2.
   Google Scholar
• Vunguturi, S., and S. Ahmed Irfanuddin. 0000. Evaluation of flash point and fire point of selected edible oil blends -A bio-lubricant. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development 4 (5):2394–9333.
   Google Scholar
• Wardana, A. Wahyudi, I. N. G. Wardana, A. Widodo, W. Wijayanti, and W. Wijayanti. 2018. Improving vegetable oil properties by transforming fatty acid chain length in jatropha oil and coconut oil blends. Energies 11 (2):394. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en11020394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eman Ali Ateeq. 2015. Eman Ali Ateeq Supervisor Issam Rashid Abdelraziq Co -Supervisor Sharif Mohammad Musameh, B. Biodiesel Viscosity and Flash Point Determination
   Google Scholar
• Market Research Future. Global bio-lubricants market research report- forecast to 2022 | MRFR - News and Updates. Accessed Jul 16, 2018 https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/press-release/global-bio-lubricants-market
   Google Scholar
• Yalcin, H., O. S. Toker, and M. Dogan. 2012. Effect of oil type and fatty acid composition on dynamic and steady shear rheology of vegetable oils. Journal of Oleo Science 61 (4):181–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.61.181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunus, R., A. Fakhru’l-Razi, T. L. Ooi, S. E. Iyuke, and J. M. Perez. 2004. Lubrication properties of trimethylolpropane esters based on palm oil and palm kernel oils. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 106:52–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.200300862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zulkifli, N. W. M., M. A. Kalam, H. H. Masjuki, M. Shahabuddin, and R. Yunus. 2013. Wear prevention characteristics of a palm oil-based TMP (Trimethylolpropane) ester as an engine lubricant. Energy 54:167–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.01.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar