Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char obtained from black cumin seed by hydrothermal liquefaction: investigation of potential as an energy source

References

• Aysu, T., and H. Durak. 2016. Bio-oil production via catalytic supercritical liquefaction of Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta). The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 109:26–34. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2015.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babayan, V. K., D. Koottungal, and G. A. Halaby. 1978. Proximate analysis, fatty acid and amino acid composition of Nigella sativa L. seeds. Journal of Food Science 43:1314–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb15297.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balock, H. A., S. Nizamuddin, M. T. H. Siddiqu, S. Riaz, A. S. Jatoi, D. K. Dumbre, N. M. Mubarak, M. P. Srinivasan, and G. J. Griffin. 2018. Recent advances in production and upgrading of bio-oil from biomass: A critical overview. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 6:5101–18. doi:10.1016/j.jece.2018.07.050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bektaş, Z. H., S. Savaşer, U. Akçimen, M. Ceylan, O. Yener, and C. Bulut. 2018. Using of black cumin seed powder (Nigella sativa) as immunostimulant and growth promoter in rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 19 (12):987–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çolak, U., H. Durak, and S. Genel. 2018. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Syrian mesquite (Prosopis farcta): Effects of operating parameters on product yields and characterization by different analysis methods. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 140:53–61. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2018.05.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner, G. 2009. Near critical and supercritical water. Part I. hydrolytic and hydrothermal processes. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 47 (3):373–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, H. 2018. Trametes versicolor (L.) mushrooms liquefaction in supercritical solvents: Effects of operating conditions on product yields and chromatographic characterization. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 131:140–49. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, H. 2019a. Characterization of products obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass (Anchusa azurea) compared to other thermochemical conversion methods. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 9:459–470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, H. 2019b. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (Liquorice): Effects of catalyst on variety compounds and chromatographic characterization. Energy Sources, Part A 1–14. doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1607947.
   Google Scholar
• Durak, H., S. Genel, and M. Tunç. 2019. Pyrolysis of black cumin seed: Significance of catalyst and temperature product yields and chromatographic characterization. Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 42 (11–12):331–50. doi:10.1080/10826076.2019.1593194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, H., and T. Aysu. 2016. Structural analysis of bio-oils from subcritical and supercritical hydrothermal liquefaction of Datura stramonium L. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 108:123–35. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durak, H., and Y. Genel. 2018. Hydrothermal conversion of biomass (Xanthium strumarium) to energetic materials and comparison with other thermochemical methods. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 140:290–301. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2018.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energy Information Administration EIA. 2013. International energy outlook 2013. U.S. Department of energy. Washington, DC. Accessed October 16, 2014. http://www.eia.gov.
   Google Scholar
• He, W., G. Li, L. Kong, H. Wang, J. Huang, and J. Xu. 2008. Application of hydrothermal reaction in resource recovery of organic wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 52:691–99. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.11.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, M. N., and J. H. Park. 2018. A short review on hydrothermal liquefaction of livestock manure and a chance for Korea to advance swine manure to bio-oil technology. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 20:1–9. doi:10.1007/s10163-016-0566-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalkh, R., H. El-Rassy, G. R. Chehab, and M. G. Abiad. 2018. Assessment of the physico-chemical properties of waste cooking oil and spent coffee grounds oil for potential use as asphalt binder rejuvenators. Waste and Biomass Valorization 9 (11):2125–32. doi:10.1007/s12649-017-9984-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krammer, P., and H. Vogel. 2000. Hydrolysis of esters in subcritical and supercritical water. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 16:189–206. doi:10.1016/S0896-8446(99)00032-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, A., and A. Gawlik. 2003. Biomass conversion in water at 330–410°C and 30–50 MPa. Identification of key compounds for indicating different chemical reaction pathways. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 42:267–79. doi:10.1021/ie0202773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse, A., and E. Dinjus. 2007. Hot compressed water as reaction medium and reactant properties and synthesis reactions. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 39:62–80. doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2006.03.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKendry, P. 2002. Energy production from biomass (part 2): Conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology 83:47–54. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00119-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pütün, A. E. 2002. Biomass to bio-oil via fast pyrolysis of cotton straw and stalk. Energy Sources 24 (3):275–85. doi:10.1080/009083102317243656.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Şen, N., and Y. Kar. 2011. Pyrolysis of black cumin seed cake in a fixed-bed reactor. Biomass and Bioenergy 35:4297–304. doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.07.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toor, S. S., H. Reddy, S. Deng, J. Hoffmann, D. Spangsmark, L. B. Madsen, J. B. Holm-Nielsen, and L. A. Rosendahl. 2013. Hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina and Nannochloropsis salina under subcritical and supercritical water conditions. Bioresource Technology 131:413–19. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiu, S., A. Shahbazi, V. Shirley, and D. Cheng. 2010. Hydrothermal pyrolysis of swine manure to bio-oil: Effects of operating parameters on products yield and characterization of bio-oil. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 88:73–79. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2010.02.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhong, C., and X. Wei. 2004. A comparative experimental study on the liquefaction of wood. Energy 29:1731–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar