Experimental study on the causes and critical conditions of toxic gases in hydraulically fractured oil wells

References

• Aali, J., and O. Rahmani. 2012. H2S—origin in south pars gas field from Persian Gulf, Iran. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 86-87:217–24. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2012.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basta, J. S. 2010. Spectroscopic studies on some crude oils from the north western desert. Egypt, Petroleum Science and Technology 28 (8):779–89. doi:10.1080/10916460802653947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, P. D., J. B. Hyne, and J. D. Tyrer. 1983. Chemistry of organosulphur compound types occurring in heavy oil sands:1. High temperature hydrolysis and thermolysis of tetrahydrothiophene in relation to steam stimulation processes. Fuel 62 (8):959–62. doi:10.1016/0016-2361(83)90170-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, P. D., J. B. Hyne, and J. D. Tyrer. 1984. Chemistry of organosulfur compound type occurring in heavy oil sands.2 Influence of pH on the high temperature hydrolysis of tetraothiophene and thiophene. Fuel 63:125–28. doi:10.1016/0016-2361(84)90266-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, K., S. Li, and C. Yue. 2010. Investigation of two kinds of thermochemical sulfate reduction systems. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 32 (12):1130–41. doi:10.1080/15567030802654046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, L., 2016. Study on the causes and control of CO and H2S in steam huff and puff process. master Thesis, Southwest Petroleum University.
   Google Scholar
• Guoru, H. 2019. Discussion on the genesis of H2S in block Du84 of liaohe oilfield. Petroleum Geology & Experiment 41 (2):268–273+279.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, L., H. Fan, H. Xie, and Z. Huang. 2016. Experimental study of treatment processes for shale gas fracturing flowback fluid in the eastern Sichuan Basin. Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (51):24299–312. doi:10.1080/19443994.2016.1141714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyne, J. B., J. W. Greidanus, J. D. Tyrer, D. Verona, C. Rizek, P. D. Clark, R. A. Clarke, and J. Koo. 1982. Aquathermolysis of heavy oils. Revista Tecnica Intevep 2 (2):89–94.
   Google Scholar
• Jingkui M.,B. Zhang, Z. Shen, W. Huang, A. Casalins, and C. Liu. 2017. The experimental study on H2S generation during thermal recovery process for heavy oil from the Eastern Venezuela Basin. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience. 2(3):S2468256X1730041X. doi:10.1016/j.jnggs.2017.07.003.
   Google Scholar
• Maity, S. K., J. Ancheyta, and G. Marroquín. 2010. Catalytic aquathermolysis used for viscosity reduction of heavy crude oils: A review. Energy Fuels 24 (5):2809–16. doi:10.1021/ef100230k.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalski, R., and A. Ficek. 2016. Environmental pollution by chemical substances used in the shale gas extraction—a review. Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (3):1336–43. doi:10.1080/19443994.2015.1017331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheng, Z., P. U. Wanfen, L. Dongdong, Y. U. Qian, and Y. Yang. 2016. Cause analysis on excess production of carbon monoxide in cyclic steam stimulation process-Taking Hongshan Oilfield as example. Journal of Safety Science and Technology 12 (8):153–57.
   Google Scholar
• Worden, R. H., and P. C. Smalley. 1996. H 2 S-producing reactions in deep carbonate gas reservoirs: Khuff Formation. Abu Dhabi. Chemical Geology 133 (1–4):157–71. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00074-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, J. 2008. Mechanisim and prevention measures of hydrogen sulfide in the oil and gas field development. Environmental Protection of Oil & Gas Fields(04), 46–49.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. 2017. Cause analysis and preventive measures of H2S in Dongfenggang oilfield. Petrochemical Industry Application 36 (5):57–61.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., J. Mao, X. Yang, J. Zhao, and G. S. Smith. 2019. Advances in waterless fracturing technologies for unconventional reservoirs. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 41 (2):237–51. doi:10.1080/15567036.2018.1514430.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, P., L. Chenze, C. Wang, and M. Yang. 2016. The mechanism of H2S generation in the recovery of heavy oil by steam drive. Petroleum Science and Technology 34 (16):1452–61. doi:10.1080/10916466.2016.1204314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, G., X. Liu, H. Yang, J. Su, Y. Zhu, Y. Wang, C. Sun. 2017. Genesis and distribution of hydrogen sulfide in deep heavy oil of the Halahatang area in the Tarim Basin, China. Journal of Natural Gas Geoscience. 2(1):57–71. doi:10.1016/j.jnggs.2017.03.004.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, G., S. Zhang, H. Huang, Q. Liu, Z. Yang, J. Zhang, T. Wu, Y. Huang. 2010. Induced H2S formation during steam injection recovery process of heavy oil from the Liaohe Basin. NE China. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. 71(1–2):30–36. doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoveidavianpoor, M., A. Samsuri, and S. R. Shadizadeh. 2013. Well stimulation in carbonate reservoirs: The needs and superiority of hydraulic fracturing. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 35 (1):92–98. doi:10.1080/15567036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar