184
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Green synthesis of CuNb2O6 thin film using allium cepa as catalyst

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 3610-3627 | Received 20 Oct 2021, Accepted 23 Mar 2022, Published online: 26 Apr 2022

References

  • Abu-Oqail, A., A. Samir, A. Essa, A. Wagih, and A. Fathy. 2019. Effect of GNPs coated Ag on microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-Fe dual-matrix nanocomposite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 781:64–74. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.042.
  • Anjali, K., A. Vijayan, N. J. Venkatesha, and A. Sakthivel. 2021. Niobium based macromolecule preparation and its potential application in biomass derived levulinic acid esterification. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 123:108302. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108302.
  • Arditty, S., C. Whitby, B. Binks, V. Schmitt, and F. Leal-Calderon. 2003. Some general features of limited coalescence in solid-stabilized emulsions. The European Physical Journal E 11 (3):273–81. doi:10.1140/epje/i2003-10060-4.
  • Bai, S., W. Guo, J. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tian, A. Chen, and D. Li. 2016. Synthesis of SnO2–CuO heterojunction using electrospinning and application in detecting of CO. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical 226:96–103. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2015.11.028.
  • Beena, D., K. Lethy, R. Vinodkumar, V. M. Pillai, V. Ganesan, D. Phase, and S. Sudheer. 2009. Effect of substrate temperature on structural, optical and electrical properties of pulsed laser ablated nanostructured indium oxide films. Applied Surface Science 255 (20):8334–42. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.05.057.
  • Benramache, S., O. Belahssen, A. Guettaf, and A. Arif. 2013. Correlation between electrical conductivity—optical band gap energy and precursor molarities ultrasonic spray deposition of ZnO thin films. Journal of Semiconductors 34 (11):113001. doi:10.1088/1674-4926/34/11/113001.
  • Benzitouni, S., M. Zaabat, A. Khial, D. Rechem, A. Benaboud, D. Bouras, and R. Coste. 2016. High sensitivity of porous Cu-doped SnO2 thin films to methanol. Advances in Nanoparticles 5 (2):140–48. doi:10.4236/anp.2016.52016.
  • Bodade, A., M. Taiwade, and G. Chaudhari. 2017. Bioelectrode based chitosan-nano copper oxide for application to lipase biosensor. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research 5 (1):30–39. https://www.japtronline.com/index.php/joapr/article/view/71.
  • Boudjemaa, A., S. Boumaza, M. Trari, R. Bouarab, and A. Bouguelia. 2009. Physical and photo-electrochemical characterizations of α-Fe2O3. Application for hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (10):4268–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.03.044.
  • Braga, V. S., F. A. Garcia, J. A. Dias, and S. C. Dias. 2007. Copper oxide and niobium pentoxide supported on silica-alumina: Synthesis, characterization, and application on diesel soot oxidation. Journal of Catalysis 247 (1):68–77. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2006.12.022.
  • Brayner, R., and F. Bozon-Verduraz. 2003. Niobium pentoxide prepared by soft chemical routes: Morphology, structure, defects and quantum size effect. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 5 (7):1457–66. doi:10.1039/b210055j.
  • Cardona, M., and Y. Y. Peter. 2005. Fundamentals of semiconductors, Vol. 619. Switzerland AG: Springer Nature. doi:10.1142/9789814365031_0020.
  • Chan, X., T. Pu, X. Chen, A. James, J. Lee, J. B. Parise, D. H. Kim, and T. Kim. 2017. Effect of niobium oxide phase on the furfuryl alcohol dehydration. Catalysis Communications 97:65–69. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2017.04.019.
  • Chauhan, R., A. Kumar, and R. P. Chaudhary. 2012. Structural and optical characterization of Zn doped TiO 2 nanoparticles prepared by sol–gel method. Journal of Sol-gel Science and Technology 61 (3):585–91. doi:10.1007/s10971-011-2664-8.
  • Cheng, Y., C. Lu, and B. Yang. 2011. A review on high refractive index nanocomposites for optical applications. Recent Patents on Materials Science 4 (1):15–27. doi:10.2174/1874464811104010015.
  • Cho, I.-S., S. T. Bae, D. H. Kim, and K. S. Hong. 2010. Effects of crystal and electronic structures of ANb2O6 (A= Ca, Sr, Ba) metaniobate compounds on their photocatalytic H2 evolution from pure water. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 35 (23):12954–60. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.057.
  • Crandles, D., M. M. Yazdanian, and F. Razavi. 2005. Metal–insulator transition in Mg-doped SrRuO3 thin films prepared by laser ablation. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39 (1):6. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/39/1/002.
  • Cui, H., G. Zhu, Y. Xie, W. Zhao, C. Yang, T. Lin, H. Gu, and F. Huang. 2015. Black nanostructured Nb 2 O 5 with improved solar absorption and enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3 (22):11830–37. doi:10.1039/C5TA01544H.
  • Emeka, N. C., P. E. Imoisili, and T.-C. Jen. 2020. Preparation and characterization of NbxOy thin films: a review. Coatings 10 (12):1246. doi:10.3390/coatings10121246.
  • Ergin, B., E. Ketenci, and F. Atay. 2009. Characterization of ZnO films obtained by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique. Inter.l Journal of Hydrogen Energy 34 (12):5249–54. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.09.108.
  • Fei, C., L. Guo, B. Li, R. Zhang, H. Fu, J. Tian, and G. Cao. 2016. Controlled growth of textured perovskite films towards high performance solar cells. Nano Energy 27:17–26. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.06.041.
  • Fiorenza, R., A. Di Mauro, M. Cantarella, A. Gulino, L. Spitaleri, V. Privitera, and G. Impellizzeri. 2020. Molecularly imprinted N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts for the selective degradation of o-phenylphenol fungicide from water. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 112:105019. doi:10.1016/j.mssp.2020.105019.
  • Flaim, T. D., Y. Wang, and R. Mercado. 2004. High-refractive-index polymer coatings for optoelectronics applications. In Advances in Optical Thin Films, Vol. 5250., 423–34. International Society for Optics and Photonics. doi:10.1117/12.513363.
  • Göktaş, S., and A. Göktaş. 2021. A comparative study on recent progress in efficent ZnO based nanocomposite and heterojunction photocatalysts: A review. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 158734. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.158734.
  • Goktas, A., S. Modanlı, A. Tumbul, and A. Kilic. 2022. Facile synthesis and characterization of ZnO, ZnO: Co, and ZnO/ZnO: Co nano rod-like homojunction thin films: Role of crystallite/grain size and microstrain in photocatalytic performance. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 893:162334. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.162334.
  • Goktas, A., A. Tumbul, Z. Aba, A. Kilic, and F. Aslan. 2020. Enhancing crystalline/optical quality, and photoluminescence properties of the Na and Sn substituted ZnS thin films for optoelectronic and solar cell applications; a comparative study. Optical Materials 107:110073. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110073.
  • Gómez, L. D., and J. Rodríguez-Páez. 2019. Micro/nanoscale mesoporous Nb2O5 particles: Effect of synthesis conditions and doping with N, C, or S on their properties. Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects 17:43–57. doi:10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.11.002.
  • Graça, M., A. Meireles, C. Nico, and M. Valente. 2013. Nb2O5 nanosize powders prepared by sol–gel–Structure, morphology and dielectric properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 553:177–82. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.11.128.
  • Graça, M., M. Saraiva, F. Freire, M. Valente, and L. Costa. 2015. Electrical analysis of niobium oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films 585:95–99. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2015.02.047.
  • Harb, M., D. Masih, and K. Takanabe. 2014. Screened Coulomb hybrid DFT investigation of band gap and optical absorption predictions of CuVO3, CuNbO3 and Cu 5 Ta 11 O 30 materials. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16 (34):18198–204. doi:10.1039/c4cp02497d.
  • Hossain, N., O. Günes, C. Zhang, C. Koughia, Y. Li, S. J. Wen, R. Wong, S. Kasap, and Q. Yang. 2019. Structural and physical properties of NbO 2 and Nb2O5 thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30 (10):9822–35. doi:10.1007/s10854-019-01319-8.
  • Huang, H. 2010. Ferroelectric photovoltaics. Nature Photonics 4 (3):134–35. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.15.
  • Huang, Z., X. Hu, C. Liu, L. Tan, and Y. Chen. 2017. Nucleation and crystallization control via polyurethane to enhance the bendability of perovskite solar cells with excellent device performance. Advanced Functional Materials 27 (41):1703061. doi:10.1002/adfm.201703061.
  • Hwang, I.-S., J.-K. Choi, S.-J. Kim, K.-Y. Dong, J.-H. Kwon, B.-K. Ju, and J.-H. Lee. 2009. Enhanced H2S sensing characteristics of SnO2 nanowires functionalized with CuO. Sensors and Actuators. B, Chemical 142 (1):105–10. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.07.052.
  • Iqbal, J., T. Jan, S. Ul-Hassan, I. Ahmed, Q. Mansoor, M. Umair Ali, and M. Ismail. 2015. Facile synthesis of Zn doped CuO hierarchical nanostructures: Structural, optical and antibacterial properties. AIP Advances 5 (12):127112. doi:10.1063/1.4937907.
  • Johan, M. R., M. S. M. Suan, N. L. Hawari, and H. A. Ching. 2011. Annealing effects on the properties of copper oxide thin films prepared by chemical deposition. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 6 (12):6094–104. doi:10.1088/0268-1242/20/5/012.
  • Joshi, S., S. J. Ippolito, and M. V. Sunkara. 2016. Convenient architectures of Cu 2 O/SnO 2 type II p–n heterojunctions and their application in visible light catalytic degradation of rhodamine B. RSC Advances 6 (49):43672–84. doi:10.1039/c6ra07150c.
  • Keikhaei, M., and M. Ichimura. 2018. Fabrication of copper oxide thin films by galvanostatic deposition from weakly acidic solutions. International Journal of Electrochemical Science 13 (10):9931–41. doi:10.20964/2018.10.32.
  • Kong, L., C. Zhang, J. Wang, W. Qiao, L. Ling, and D. Long. 2016. Nanoarchitectured Nb2O5 hollow, Nb2O 5@ carbon and NbO2@ carbon core-shell microspheres for ultrahigh-rate intercalation pseudocapacitors. Scientific Reports 6 (1):1–10. doi:10.1038/srep21177.
  • Kosseva, M. R., and C. Webb. 2020. Preface to second edition food industry wastes. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817121-9.00026-7. Academic Press: Elsevier. xi–xii.
  • Kumar, D., M. Singh, and A. K. Singh (2018). Crystallite size effect on lattice strain and crystal structure of Ba1/4Sr3/4MnO3 layered perovskite manganite. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings 1953(1): (AIP Publishing LLC), 030185. doi:10.1063/1.5032520
  • Lan, W.-H., C.-W. Tsai, S.-Y. Lee, W.-M. Chao, M.-C. Shih, Y.-C. Chou, and Y.-T. Hsu (2012). Electrical properties of cuprous oxide thin films fabricated by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. Paper presented at the 2012 17th Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference, Busan, Korea (South). doi:10.1109/OECC.2012.6276783
  • Lee, -C.-C., C.-L. Tien, and J.-C. Hsu. 2002. Internal stress and optical properties of Nb 2 O 5 thin films deposited by ion-beam sputtering. Applied Optics 41 (10):2043–47. doi:10.1364/AO.41.002043.
  • Li, Y., F. Zhang, W. Gao, and Z. Zhan. 2021. A high-performance Cu-doped vanadium pentoxide thin-film cathode for lithium-ion batteries. Ionics 27 (6):2335–44. doi:10.1007/s11581-021-04003-2.
  • Liu, H., V. Avrutin, N. Izyumskaya, Ü. Özgür, and H. Morkoç. 2010. Transparent conducting oxides for electrode applications in light emitting and absorbing devices. Superlattices and Microstructures 48 (5):458–84. doi:10.1016/j.spmi.2010.08.011.
  • Lokhande, V., C. Kim, A. Lokhande, C. D. Lokhande, and T. Ji. 2021. Metal oxides for perovskite solar cells chemically deposited nanocrystalline metal oxide thin films. Switzerland AG: Springer Nature. 197–233. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68462-4_8
  • Lucas, J. M. F., S. Soreto Teixeira, S. R. Gavinho, P. R. Prezas, C. C. Silva, A. J. M. Sales, and M. P. F. Graça. 2019. Niobium oxide prepared by sol–gel using powder coconut water. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30 (12):11346–53. doi:10.1007/s10854-019-01482-y.
  • Maleki, A., A. Haghighi, M. E. H. Assad, I. Mahariq, and M. A. Nazari. 2020. A review on the approaches employed for cooling PV cells. Solar Energy 209:170–85. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2020.08.083.
  • Mikailzade, F., H. Türkan, F. Önal, M. Zarbali, A. Göktaş, and A. Tumbul. 2021. Structural and magnetic properties of polycrystalline Zn 1− x Mn x O films synthesized on glass and p-type Si substrates using Sol–Gel technique. Applied Physics A 127 (6):1–8. doi:10.1007/s00339-021-04519-4.
  • Murawski, D., and H. Behrens. 2017. Effect of particle size and pretreatment on the conductivity of glass powder during compaction. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie 231 (7–8):1323–43. doi:10.1515/zpch-2016-0926.
  • Murugadoss, G., and M. R. Kumar. 2014. Synthesis and optical properties of monodispersed Ni 2+-doped ZnS nanoparticles. Applied Nanoscience 4 (1):67–75. doi:10.1007/s13204-012-0167-8.
  • Muthukutty, B., J. Ganesamurthi, S.-M. Chen, B. Arumugam, S. M. Wabaidur, Z. A. ALOthman, and M. A. Ali. 2021. Construction of novel binary metal oxides: copper oxide–tin oxide nanoparticles regulated for selective and nanomolar level electrochemical detection of anti-psychotic drug. Electrochimica acta 386:138482. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138482.
  • Nam, S. C., Y. C. Lim, H. Y. Park, E. J. Jeon, Y. S. Yoon, W. I. Cho, B. W. Cho, and K. S. Yun. 2001. The effects of Cu-doping in V 2 O 5 thin film cathode for microbattery. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 18 (5):673–78. doi:10.1007/bf02706385.
  • Niranjan, M. K., K. G. Prasad, S. Asthana, S. Rayaprol, and V. Siruguri. 2015. Investigation of structural, vibrational and ferroic properties of AgNbO3 at room temperature using neutron diffraction, Raman scattering and density-functional theory. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 48 (21):215303. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/48/21/215303.
  • Nunes, B. N., O. F. Lopes, A. O. T. Patrocinio, and D. W. Bahnemann. 2020. Recent advances in niobium-based materials for photocatalytic solar fuel production. Catalysts 10 (1):126. doi:10.3390/catal10010126.
  • Nwanna, E. C., P. E. Imoisili, S. O. Bitire, and T.-C. Jen. 2021. Biosynthesis and fabrication of copper oxide thin films as a P-type semiconductor for solar cell applications. Coatings 11 (12):1545. doi:10.3390/coatings11121545.
  • Odobel, F., and Y. Pellegrin. 2013. Recent advances in the sensitization of wide-band-gap nanostructured p-type semiconductors. Photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 4 (15):2551–64. doi:10.1021/jz400861v.
  • Öztas, M. 2008. Influence of grain size on electrical and optical properties of InP films. Chinese Physics Letters 25 (11):4090. doi:10.1088/0256-307X/25/11/069.
  • Pratheepa, M. I., and M. Lawrence. 2019. Synthesis of pure, Cu and Zn doped CdO nanoparticles by co-precipitation method for supercapacitor applications. Vacuum 162:208–13. doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2019.01.042.
  • Priyadarshani, N., T. S. Girisun, and S. V. Rao. 2019. Improved femtosecond third-order nonlinear optical properties of thin layered Cu3Nb2O8. Optical Materials 88:586–93. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2018.12.034.
  • Priyadarshani, N., T. S. Girisun, and C. Ravidhas. 2016. Enhanced electrical behaviour of monoclinic p-CuNb2O6. Materials Research Bulletin 84:39–45. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.07.027.
  • Raknual, D., P. Suttiyarak, A. Tubtimtae, and V. Vailikhit. 2020. Effect of indium doping in Nb2O5 thin films for electron transport layers: Investigation of structural, optical, and electrical properties. Materials Letters 259:126828. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126828.
  • Rani, R. A., A. S. Zoolfakar, A. P. O’Mullane, M. W. Austin, and K. Kalantar-Zadeh. 2014. Thin films and nanostructures of niobium pentoxide: Fundamental properties, synthesis methods and applications. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2 (38):15683–703. doi:10.1039/c4ta02561j.
  • Raul, P. K., S. Senapati, A. K. Sahoo, I. M. Umlong, R. R. Devi, A. J. Thakur, and V. Veer. 2014. CuO nanorods: A potential and efficient adsorbent in water purification. RSC Advances 4 (76):40580–87. doi:10.1039/c4ra04619f.
  • Roy, A. K., S. Das, M. F. Shahriar, G. K. Biswas, and S. Das (2018). Relation between the thermal conductivity and grain size in a polycrystalline silicene sheet. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings, Dhaka, Bangladesh. doi: 10.1063/1.5044354
  • Rubel, M., M. Hossain, M. Parvez, M. Rahaman, M. Islam, N. Kumada, and S. Kojima. 2019. Low-temperature synthesis of potassium triniobate (KNb 3 O 8) ceramic powder by a novel aqueous organic gel route. Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society 55 (3):759–64. doi:10.1007/s41779-018-0287-z.
  • Salim, E. T., and H. T. Halboos. 2019. Synthesis and physical properties of Ag doped niobium pentoxide thin films for Ag–Nb2O5/Si heterojunction device. Materials Research Express 6 (6):066401. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab07d3.
  • Salim, E. T., J. A. Saimon, M. K. Abood, and M. A. Fakhri. 2020. Electrical conductivity inversion for Nb2O5 nanostructure thin films at different temperatures. Materials Research Express 6 (12):126459. doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab771c.
  • Santos, M. C., M. A. Bizeto, and F. F. Camilo. 2021. Polyaniline–niobium oxide nanohybrids with photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. New Journal of Chemistry 45 (19):8619–28. doi:10.1039/d0nj06215d.
  • Sauer, M., J. Hofkens, and J. Enderlein. 2010. Handbook of fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging: From ensemble to single molecules. Weinheim, Germany: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9783527633500.ch5.
  • Sawicki, B., E. Tomaszewicz, M. Piątkowska, T. Groń, H. Duda, and K. Górny (2016). Correlation between the band-gap energy and the electrical conductivity in MPr2W2O10 tungstates (Where M= Cd, Co, Mn).doi:10.12693/APhysPolA.129.A-94
  • Shaterian, M., S. Hosseini, and M. Vahedpour. 2016. Synthesis, characterization and electrical properties of SnO 2/CuO nanocomposite. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 27 (8):8546–49. doi:10.1007/s10854-016-4871-0.
  • Sim, Y. Y., and K. L. Nyam. 2020. Cold pressed onion (Allium Cepa L.) seed oil. Cold Pressed Oils:Green Technology, Bioactive Compounds, Functionality, and Applications. Academic Press: Elsevier. 295–307. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818188-1.00026-8.
  • Singh, V. 2017. Band gap and resistivity measurements of semiconductor materials for thin films. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) 4 (12):1200–10. JETIR1712169.
  • Sohn, S., and Y. S. Han. 2011. Transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films for organic light emissive devices (OLEDS). Organic Light Emitting Diode-Material, Process and Devices 233–73. doi:10.5772/18545.
  • Souto, M. V. M., M. J. S. Lima, C. M. Barbosa, U. U. Gomes, C. P. D. Souza, and C. P. B. D. Araújo. 2016. Synthesis and characterization of CuNb2O6 from an oxalic precursor via solid state reaction. Materials Research 19:865–69. doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2016-0031.
  • Suvith, V., V. Devu, and D. Philip. 2020. Facile synthesis of SnO2/NiO nano-composites: Structural, magnetic and catalytic properties. Ceramics International 46 (1):786–94. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.033.
  • Varghese, B., S. C. Haur, and C.-T. Lim. 2008. Nb2O5 nanowires as efficient electron field emitters. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (27):10008–12. doi:10.1021/jp800611m.
  • Vazquez-Armenta, F., M. Cruz-Valenzuela, and J. Ayala-Zavala. 2016. Onion (Allium cepa) essential oils essential oils in food preservation. In Flavor and safety, 617–23. Academic Press: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416641-7.00070-5.
  • Vijayalakshmi, S., S. Venkataraj, M. Subramanian, and R. Jayavel. 2008. Physical properties of zinc doped tin oxide films prepared by spray pyrolysis technique. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41 (3):035505. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/41/3/035505.
  • Wang, C.-M., J.-F. Wang, W.-B. Su, G.-Z. Zang, and P. Qi. 2005. Electrical properties of SnO2· CuO· Ta2O5 varistor system. Materials Letters 59 (2–3):201–04. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2004.08.031.
  • Wu, Q., Y. Shen, L. Li, M. Cao, F. Gu, and L. Wang. 2013. Morphology and properties of NiO electrodes for p-DSSCs based on hydrothermal method. Applied Surface Science 276:411–16. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.108.
  • Wu, M., Y. Zhang, and M. Xiang. 2019. Synthesis, characterization and dielectric properties of a novel temperature stable (1− x) CoTiNb 2 O 8− xZnNb 2 O 6 ceramic. Journal of Advanced Ceramics 8 (2):228–37. doi:10.1007/s40145-018-0308-y.
  • Yu, M., T. I. Draskovic, and Y. Wu. 2014. Cu (I)-based delafossite compounds as photocathodes in p-type dye-sensitized solar cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 16 (11):5026–33. doi:10.1039/c3cp55457k.
  • Zehner, O. 2012. Green illusions: The dirty secrets of clean energy and the future of environmentalism. U of Nebraska Press. doi:10.1080/00207233.2013.798502.
  • Zhang, Y. C., B. Fu, and Q. Liu. 2009. Preparation of CuNb2O6 nanocrystalline powders by sol–gel method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 477 (1–2):716–19. doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.10.108.
  • Zhao, W., W. Zhao, G. Zhu, T. Lin, F. Xu, and F. Huang. 2016. Black Nb 2 O 5 nanorods with improved solar absorption and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Dalton Transactions 45 (9):3888–94. doi:10.1039/C5DT04578A.
  • Zheng, L., and X. Liu. 2007. Solution-phase synthesis of CuO hierarchical nanosheets at near-neutral pH and near-room temperature. Materials Letters 61 (11–12):2222–26. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.063.
  • Ziolek, M. 2003. Niobium-containing catalysts—the state of the art. Catalysis Today 78 (1–4):47–64. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(02)00340-1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.