Variation of thermal stratification, first and second law efficiency due to the use of porous media in hot water tank

References

• Assari, M. R., H. B. Tabrizi, and M. Savadkohy. 2018. Numerical and experimental study of inlet-outlet locations effect in horizontal storage tank of solar water heater. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 25:181–90. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2017.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, Y., M. Yang, Z. W, X. Li, and L. Chen. 2019. Thermal stratification in a cylindrical tank due to heat losses while in standby mode. Solar Energy 185:222–34. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.12.063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhal, T., S. Fertahi, Y. Agrouaz, T. El Rhafiki, T. Kousksou, and A. Jamil. 2017. Numerical modeling and optimization of thermal stratification in solar hot water storage tanks for domestic applications: CFD study. Solar Energy 157:441–55. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.08.061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzaher, M. T., N. Bouchahm, B. Guerira, C.-E. Bensaci, and M. Lebbi. 2019. On the thermal stratification inside a spherical water storage tank during dynamic mode. Applied Thermal Engineering 159:113821. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.113821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cengel, Y. 2003. A practical approach. Heat and Mass Transfer.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, C., Z. Wu, H. Navarro, C. Li, G. Leng, X. Li, Y. Ding, Z. Wang, and Y. Ding. 2017. Comparative study of the transient natural convection in an underground water pit thermal storage. Applied Energy 208:1162–73. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdemir, D., and N. Altuntop. 2016. Improved thermal stratification with obstacles placed inside the vertical mantled hot water tanks. Applied Thermal Engineering 100:20–29. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.01.069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, J., and S. Furbo. 2012. Thermal stratification in a hot water tank established by heat loss from the tank. Solar Energy 86 (11):3460–69. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2012.07.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Seara, J., F. J. Uhı́a, and J. Sieres. 2007. Experimental analysis of a domestic electric hot water storage tank. Part II: Dynamic mode of operation. Applied Thermal Engineering 27 (1):137–44. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2006.05.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajbhiye, P., S. Kedare, and M. Bose. 2022. Experimental analysis of parameters influencing thermal stratification in single media single tank storage system with flow distributor. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 30:101243. doi:10.1016/j.tsep.2022.101243.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, L., H. Lu, B. Sun, D. Che, and L. Dong. 2021. Numerical and experimental investigation on thermal stratification characteristics affected by the baffle plate in thermal storage tank. Journal of Energy Storage 34:102117. doi:10.1016/j.est.2020.102117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasque, M., P. González-Altozano, D. M, I. J. M E, R. P. G C, P.-S. G, and E. García-Marí. 2015. Study of the influence of inner lining material on thermal stratification in a hot water storage tank. Applied Thermal Engineering 75:344–56. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.10.040.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Y. M., R. Z. Wang, and Y. J. Dai. 2009. Thermal stratification within the water tank. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13 (5):1014–26. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, S., Z. Yang, J. Li, and Y. Duan. 2021. Thermo-Economic analysis of the pumped thermal energy storage with thermal integration in different application scenarios. Energy Conversion Management 236:114072. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114072.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josh, V., I. Wasnik, A. Wadegaonkar, S. B. Kedare, and M. Bose. 2021. Influence of porosity and permeability of flow distributor on thermal stratification in single media storage tank. Journal of Energy Storage 44:103241. doi:10.1016/j.est.2021.103241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurşun, B. 2018. Thermal stratification enhancement in cylindrical and rectangular hot water tanks with truncated cone and pyramid shaped insulation geometry. Solar Energy 169:512–25. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.05.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurşun, B., and K. Ökten. 2018. Effect of rectangular hot water tank position and aspect ratio on thermal stratification enhancement. Renewable Energy 116:639–46. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.10.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q., X. Huang, Y. Tai, W. Gao, L. Wenxian, and W. Liu. 2021. Thermal stratification in a solar hot water storage tank with mantle heat exchanger. Renewable Energy 173:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2021.03.105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, W., and S. W. Armfield. 2001. Natural convection cooling of rectangular and cylindrical containers. International Journal of Heat Fluid Flow 22 (1):72–81. doi:10.1016/S0142-727X(00)00065-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffat, R. J. 1988. Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Experimental Thermal Fluid Science 1 (1):3–17. doi:10.1016/0894-1777(88)90043-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares, A., J. Camargo, J. Al-Koussa, J. Diriken, J. Van Bael, and J. Lago. 2022. Efficient temperature estimation for thermally stratified storage tanks with buoyancy and mixing effects. Journal of Energy Storage 50:104488. doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.104488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., H. Zhang, B. Dou, H. Huang, W. Wu, and Z. Wang. 2017. Experimental and numerical research of thermal stratification with a novel inlet in a dynamic hot water storage tank. Renewable Energy 111:353–71. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Z., H. Chen, L. W, Y. Sheng, and Y. Wang. 2016. Comparative study of the influences of different water tank shapes on thermal energy storage capacity and thermal stratification. Renewable Energy 85:31–44. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar