Steam Activation of Oil Shale to Enhance the Porosity of Produced Semicoke

References

• Arenas, E., and F. Chejne. 2004. The effect of the activating agent and temperature on the porosity development of physically activated coal chars. Carbon 42:2451–55. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.04.041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, F., Y. Sun, Y. Liu, and M. Guo. 2017. Evaluation of the porous structure of Huadian oil shale during pyrolysis using multiple approaches. Fuel 187:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2016.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti, V., F. Patuzzi, and M. Baratieri. 2018. Characterization of char from biomass gasification and its similarities with activated carbon in adsorption applications. Applied Energy 227:92–99. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniak, S., G. Szymański, J. Siedlewski, and A. Światkoski. 1997. The characterization of activated carbons with oxygen and nitrogen surface groups. Carbon 35:1799–810. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(97)00096-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., Y. Zhu, Z. Wang, Y. Li, L. Wang, L. Ding, X. Gao, Y. Ma, and Y. Guo. 2011. Application studies of activated carbon derived from rice husks produced by chemical-thermal process - a review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 163:39–52. doi:10.1016/j.cis.2011.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, M., H. Zhou, W. Liu, and C. He. 2020. Activated carbon prepared from semi-coke as an effective adsorbent for dyes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 29:1137–42. doi:10.15244/pjoes/101616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermagambet, B. T., B. K. Kasenov, N. U. Nurgaliyev, M. K. Kazankapova, Z. M. Kasenova, and A. M. Zikirina. 2018. Adsorbent production using oil shale from the Kendyrlyk deposit. Solid Fuel Chemistry 52:302–07. doi:10.3103/S036152191805004X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, M., W. Marshall, D. Daugaard, and R. C. Brown. 2004. Steam activation of chars produced from oat hulls and corn stover. Bioresource Technology 93:103–07. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.08.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, J., J. Zhang, C. Jin, Z. Wang, T. Wang, X. Cheng, and C. Ma. 2020. Effects of temperature, oxygen and steam on pore structure characteristics of coconut husk activated carbon powders prepared by one-step rapid pyrolysis activation process. Bioresource Technology 310:123413. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gałuszka, A., Z. Migaszewski, and J. Namieśnik. 2013. The 12 principles of green analytical chemistry and the SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic of green analytical practices. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 50:78–84. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2013.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Y. Dai, Y. Zhang, and F. Fu. 2017. Effective adsorption of phenolic compound from aqueous solutions on activated semi coke. The Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 102:142–50. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2016.11.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusca, J., A. Siirde, and M. Eldermann. 2015. Energy related sustainability analysis of shale oil retorting technologies. Energy Procedia 72:216–21. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.06.031.
   Google Scholar
• Han, X., X. Jiang, L. Yu, and Z. Cui. 2006. Change of pore structure of oil shale particles during combustion. Part 1. Evolution Mechanism. Energy and Fuels 20:2408–12. doi:10.1021/ef0603277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Külaots, I., J. L. Goldfarb, and E. M. Suuberg. 2010. Characterization of Chinese, American and Estonian oil shale semicokes and their sorptive potential. Fuel 89:3300–06. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.05.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak, J. H., M. S. Islam, S. Wang, S. A. Messele, M. A. Naeth, M. G. El-Din, and S. X. Chang. 2019. Biochar properties and lead(ii) adsorption capacity depend on feedstock type, pyrolysis temperature, and steam activation. Chemosphere 231:393–404. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leben, K., R. Mõtlep, P. Paaver, A. Konist, T. Pihu, P. Paiste, I. Heinmaa, G. Nurk, E. J. Anthony, and K. Kirsimäe. 2019. Long-Term mineral transformation of Ca-rich oil shale ash waste. The Science of the Total Environment 658:1404–15. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H., Y. J. Heo, and S. J. Park. 2018. Effect of silica removal and steam activation on extra-porous activated carbons from rice husks for methane storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 43:22377–84. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.10.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., L. Lu, S. Lyu, H. Xu, X. Ren, and Y. A. Levendis. 2021. Activated coke preparation by physical activation of coal and biomass co-carbonized chars. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 156:105137. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105137.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López, G., M. Olazar, M. Artetxe, M. Amutio, G. Elordi, and J. Bilbao. 2009. Steam activation of pyrolytic tyre char at different temperatures. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 85:539–43. doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2008.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowell, S., and J. E. Shields. 1991. Powder surface area and porosity. 3rd ed. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Maaten, B., O. Järvik, O. Pihl, A. Konist, and A. Siirde. 2020. Oil shale pyrolysis products and the fate of sulfur. Oil Shale 37:51–69. doi:10.3176/oil.2020.1.03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maaten, B., L. Loo, A. Konist, D. Nešumajev, T. Pihu, and I. Külaots. 2016. Decomposition kinetics of American, Chinese and Estonian oil shales kerogen. Oil Shale 33:167–83. doi:10.3176/oil.2016.2.05.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maya, J. C., R. Macías, C. A. Gómez, and F. Chejne. 2020. On the evolution of pore microstructure during coal char activation with steam/co2 mixtures. Carbon 158:121–30. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2019.11.088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oumam, M., A. Abourriche, S. Mansouri, M. Mouiya, A. Benhammou, Y. Abouliatim, Y. El Hafiane, H. Hannache, M. Birot, R. Pailler, et al. 2020. Comparison of chemical and physical activation processes at obtaining adsorbents from Moroccan oil shale. Oil Shale 37(2):139–57. doi: 10.3176/oil.2020.2.04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, Z., J. Zhu, Q. Lv, J. Wang, and H. Hou. 2013. Particle characteristics of anthracite powder preheated quickly in circulating fluidized bed. ICMREE 2013 - Proceedings: 2013 International Conference on Materials for Renewable Energy and Environment 3:796–801. doi:10.1109/ICMREE.2013.6893794.
   Google Scholar
• Pikkor, H., H. Lees, B. Maaten, O. Järvik, and A. Konist. 2020. Surface characterisation of Estonian oil shale semi-coke. Chemical Engineering Transactions 81:853–58. doi:10.3303/CET2081143.
   Google Scholar
• Qing, M., S. Su, H. Chi, J. Xu, Z. Sun, J. Gao, K. Xu, S. Hu, Y. Wang, X. Hu, et al. 2019. Relationships between structural features and reactivities of coal-chars prepared in CO2 and H2O atmospheres. Fuel 258:116087. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116087.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy, V., P. Rajkumar, and V. Ponnusamy. 2009. Depth wise analysis of recently excavated Vellar river sediments through FTIR and XRD studies. Indian Journal of Physics 83:1295–308. doi:10.1007/s12648-009-0110-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rashidi, N. A., and S. Yusup. 2017. Potential of palm kernel shell as activated carbon precursors through single stage activation technique for carbon dioxide adsorption. Journal of Cleaner Production 168:474–86. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sing, K. S. W., D. H. Everett, R. A. W. Haul, L. Moscou, R. A. Pierotti, J. Rouquerol, and T. Siemieniewska. 1985. Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure and Applied Chemistry 57:603–19. doi:10.1351/pac198557040603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., X. Liu, S. Duan, A. Alsaedi, F. Zhang, T. Hayat, and J. Li. 2018. The influential factors towards graphene oxides removal by activated carbons: Activated functional groups vs BET surface area. Journal of Molecular Liquids 271:142–50. doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2018.08.118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TalTech, Eesti Energia, Viru Keemia Grupp, and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus. 2020. Estonian oil shale industry yearbook 2020. Accessed August 12, 2022. https://haldus.taltech.ee/sites/default/files/2022-01/eesti_polevkivitoostuse_aastaraamat_2020__veebis.pdf?_ga=2.29766271.1194235893.1660649438-906767442.1641799444.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X., Z. Liu, J. Zhang, J. Zhu, and S. Zhang. 2020. Adsorption of heavy metal ions using semi-coke derived from pyrolysis of coal. Desalination and Water Treatment 207:221–32. doi:10.5004/dwt.2020.26377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., J. Xu, X. Liu, and L. Sheng. 2021. Preparation of straw activated carbon and its application in wastewater treatment: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 283:124671. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalçin, N., and V. Sevinç. 2000. Studies of the surface area and porosity of activated carbons prepared from rice husks. Carbon 38:1943–45. doi:10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00029-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, C., Y. Liu, C. Ma, M. Norton, and J. Qiao. 2015. Preparing desirable activated carbons from agricultural residues for potential uses in water treatment. Waste and Biomass Valorization 6:1029–36. doi:10.1007/s12649-015-9408-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, Y., J. Yin, W. Zhang, H. Tian, Z. Hu, M. Ruan, H. Xu, L. Liu, X. Yan, and D. Chen. 2018. FT-IR and micro-Raman spectroscopic characterization of minerals in high-calcium coal ashes. Journal of the Energy Institute 91:389–96. doi:10.1016/j.joei.2017.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiqun, H., Z. Man, S. Lu, Y. Hairui, and Y. Guangxi. 2017. Effects of retorting conditions on pore structure of oil shale semi coke. CIESC Journal 68:3870–76. doi:10.11949/j.issn.0438-1157.20170512.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, P., R. J. Kirkpatrick, B. Poe, P. F. McMillan, and X. Cong. 1999. Structure of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H): Near-, mid-, and far-infrared spectroscopy. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 82:742–48. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01826.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., S. Fan, T. Liu, W. Fu, and B. Li. 2022. A review of biochar prepared by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of organic wastes. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 50:101873. doi:10.1016/j.seta.2021.101873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., I. Jones, M. Zhu, Z. Zhang, J. Preciado-Hernandez, and D. Zhang. 2021. Pore development during CO2 and steam activation of a spent tyre pyrolysis char. Waste and Biomass Valorization 12:2097–108. doi:10.1007/s12649-020-01165-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. J., Z. J. Xing, Z. K. Duan, M. Li, and Y. Wang. 2014. Effects of steam activation on the pore structure and surface chemistry of activated carbon derived from bamboo waste. Applied Surface Science 315:279–86. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.07.126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar