Challenges and Advancements in Protection of DC Microgrid System-A Comprehensive Review

References

• Abdolkarimzadeh, M., M. Nazari-Heris, M. Abapour, and M. Sabahi. Dec 2017. A bridge-type fault current limiter for energy management of AC/DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32(12):9043–50. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2655106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Siada, A., and F. Shahnia. 2020. Combined ANFIS–wavelet technique to improve the estimation accuracy of the power output of neighboring PV Systems during cloud events. Energies 13:1613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adewole, A. C., A. D. Rajapakse, D. Ouellette, and P. Forsyth. 2022. Protection of active distribution networks incorporating microgrids with multi-technology distributed energy resources. Electric Power Systems Research 202:107575. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2021.107575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alencar, D., and A. M. D. Ferreira. 2016. Transformer inrush currents and internal faults identification in power transformers using wavelet energy gradient. Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems 27 (3):339–48. doi:10.1007/s40313-016-0236-4.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A., K. Mazlumi and R. Noroozian. 2017. Fast fault detection and isolation in low-voltage DC microgrids using fuzzy inference system. Qazvin, Iran: IEEE. pp. 172–77.
   Google Scholar
• Allerhand, and A. Allerhand. April 2017. A contrarian history of early electric power distribution [Scanning Our Past]. Proceedings of the IEEE 105(4):768–78. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2017.2677558.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Roomi, A. R., and M. E. El-Hawary. 2019. Optimal coordination of double primary directional overcurrent relays using a new combinational BBO/DE Algorithm. Canadian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 42 (3):135–47. Summer. doi:10.1109/CJECE.2018.2802461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameli, A., M. Ghafouri, H. H. Zeineldin, M. M. A. Salama, and E. F. El-Saadany. 2021. Accurate fault diagnosis in transformers using an auxiliary current-compensation-based framework for differential relays. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70:1–14. doi:10.1109/TIM.2021.3097855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amir Khan, U., J. -G. Lee, F. Amir, B. -W. Lee, et al. Dec 2015. A novel model of HVDC hybrid-type superconducting circuit breaker and its performance analysis for limiting and breaking dc fault currents. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 25 (6):1–9. doi:10.1109/TASC.2015.2477373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, L., and T. P. de Leao. 2012. A brief history of direct current in electrical power systems, 1–6. Pavia, Italy: IEEE.
   Google Scholar
• Arguence, O., F. Cadoux and B. Raison, “Influence of electronic-based loads on unwanted islanding,” 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, Manchester, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Augustine, S., M. J. Reno, S. M. Brahma, and O. Lavrova. June 2021. Fault current control and protection in a standalone DC microgrid using adaptive droop and current derivative. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 9(3):2529–39. doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2020.2984609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghaee, H. R., D. Mlakic, S. Nikolovski, and T. Dragicevic. Jan 2020. Anti-islanding protection of PV-based microgrids consisting of PHEVs using SVMs. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(1):483–500. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2924290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghaee, H. R., D. Mlakic, S. Nikolovski, and T. Dragicevic. 2020. Support vector machine-based islanding and grid fault detection in active distribution networks. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 8 (3):2385–403. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2916621.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balyith, A. A., H. M. Sharaf, M. Shaaban, E. F. El-Saadany, and H. H. Zeineldin. 2020. Non-communication based time-current-voltage dual setting directional overcurrent protection for radial distribution systems with DG. IEEE Access 8:190572–81. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baowei, F. 2020. Chapter 3.6 - Hyperspectral imaging in medical applications, Editor(s): José Manuel Amigo, Data Handling in Science and Technology. Elsevier 32:523–65.
   Google Scholar
• Baredar, P., V. Khare, and S. Nema. 2020. Chapter 4 - Control system of biomass power plant. Design and Optimization of Biogas Energy Systems, Academic Press 157–85.
   Google Scholar
• Basak, P., and M. Singh. 2019. Adaptive protection methodology in microgrid for fault location and nature detection using q0 components of fault current. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13 (6):760–69. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beheshtaein, S., M. Savaghebi, R. M. Cuzner, S. Golestan, and J. M. Guerrero. June 2019. Modified Secondary-Control-Based Fault Current Limiter for Inverters. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 66(6):4798–804. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2018.2851970.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bento, F. and A. J. Marques Cardoso, “Fault tolerant DC-DC converters in DC microgrids,” 2017 IEEE Second International Conference on DC microgrids (ICDCM), Nuremburg, Germany, pp. 484–90, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Cairoli, P., and R. A. Dougal. May 2018. Fault detection and isolation in medium-voltage DC microgrids: coordination between supply power converters and bus contactors. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 33(5):4535–46. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2724145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che, L., M. Shahidehpour, A. Alabdulwahab, and Y. Al-Turki. Nov 2015. Hierarchical coordination of a community microgrid with AC and DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6(6):3042–51. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2398853.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, D., J. -I. Yoo, D. Kim, S. H. Lee, and J. -W. Park. June 2017. Analysis on effect of SFCL applied to an isolated microgrid with a dynamic load model. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 27(4):1–4. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2017.2652488.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corti, M., E. Tironi, and G. Ubezio. 2016. DC networks including multiport DC/DC converters: fault analysis. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 52 (5):3655–62. Sept.-Oct. doi:10.1109/TIA.2016.2572045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabhi, D., and K. Pandya. 2020. Uncertain scenario based microgrid optimization via Hybrid Levy Particle Swarm Variable Neighborhood Search Optimization (HLPSVNSO). IEEE Access 8:108782–97. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2999935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalai, S. K., S.K. Prince, K.P. Panda, and G. Panda. “Harmonic mitigation in a grid interfacing PV assisted three-phase multilevel switched capacitor inverter,” International Conference on Intelligent Controller and Computing for Smart Power (ICICCSP), IEEE, Hyderabad, India, pp. 1–6, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Devineni, G. K. A. Ganesh, D.N.M. Rao, and S. Saravanan, 2021. “Optimal sizing and placement of DGs to reduce the fuel cost and T & D losses by using GA & PSO optimization algorithms,” 2021 International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Future Electric Transportation (SEFET), Hyderabad, India.
   Google Scholar
• Dong, L., H. Wang, G.Q. Zeng, Z.J. Zhang, L. Wu, R. Xiong, and Y.X. Dai. 2018. Optimal droop control of distributed inverters in a microgrid under autonomous mode based on differential evolution. 2018 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC) 3684–89. IEEE: Xi'an, China.
   Google Scholar
• dos Santos, W. M. et al., “Modeling and control of the new DC-DC step-up converter to bipolar DC microgrid,” 2014 IEEE 36th International Telecommunications Energy Conference (INTELEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, pp. 1–8, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Do, K. -I., J. -I. Won, and Y. -S. Koo. May 2021. A 4H-SiC MOSFET-based ESD protection with improved snapback characteristics for high-voltage applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 36(5):4921–26. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.3032917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragičević, T., X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero. May 2016. DC microgrids—part II: a review of power architectures, applications, and standardization issues. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 31(5):3528–49. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2464277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du, X., J. Zou, and Z. Wang. March 2015. Calculation of the impedance of a rail track with earth return for the high-speed railway signal circuit using finite-element method. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51(3):1–4. doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2014.2360884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etemadi, A. H., and R. Iravani. Dec 2013. Overcurrent and overload protection of directly voltage-controlled distributed resources in a microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60(12):5629–38. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2229680.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamage, D., X. Zhang, A. Ukil, C. Wanigasekara, and A. Swain, “Design of ANFIS controller for a DC microgrid,” 3rd International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Clean Energy Technologies, IEEE, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, pp. 1–6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Ganjian-Aboukheili, M., M. Shahabi, Q. Shafiee, and J. M. Guerrero. May 2020. Seamless transition of microgrids operation from grid-connected to islanded mode. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(3):2106–14. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2947651.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghavifekr, A. A., et al., 2021. “Optimal placement and sizing of energy-related devices in microgrids using grasshopper optimization algorithm,” 2021 12th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), IEEE, Tabriz, Iran, pp. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Gregoratti, D., and J. Matamoros. April 2015. Distributed energy trading: the multiple-microgrid case. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 62(4):2551–59. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2014.2352592.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero, J. M., and D. F. D. Tan. Sept 2017. Guest editorial special issue on structured DC microgrids. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 5(3):925–27. doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2017.2727578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., C. Huang and J. Zhao, “Resonance type superconducting fault current limiters: theory and applications,” 2020 IEEE International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices (ASEMD), IEEE, Tianjin, China, pp. 1–2, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hang, L., N. Tai, W. Huang, J. LIU, and Y. Wang. 2018. A review on protection of DC microgrids. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 6 (6):1113–27. doi:10.1007/s40565-018-0381-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, T. H., S. -C. Ko, and S. -H. Lim. Aug 2021. Fault current limiting operations of three-phase transformer type sfcl using two common connection points between secondary windings. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 31(5):1–6. doi: 10.1109/TASC.2021.3068168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari, A., V. G. Agelidis, M. Kia, J. Pou, J. Aghaei, M. Shafie-Khah, and J. P. S. Catalao. Jan 2017. Reliability optimization of automated distribution networks with probability customer interruption cost model in the presence of DG Units. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 8(1):305–15. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2609681.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, L., M. Rizwan, M. Wasif, S. Ahmad, M. Zaindin, and M. Firdausi. 2021. User-defined dual setting directional overcurrent relays with hybrid time current-voltage characteristics-based protection coordination for active distribution network. IEEE Access 9:62752–69. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3074426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547(TM)IEEE Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric power systemsJ Min Environ 1–217.2009
   Google Scholar
• IEEE approved draft guide for safety in ac substation grounding - corrigendum 1. IEEEP80-2013/cor1/d1 August 2014 1–18. Jan. 1. 2014
   Google Scholar
• Kai, X., F. Zhen and Z. Jia-Bin, “Research on reliability of residual current operated protective device,” IEEE 3rd Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), IEEE, Changsha, China, pp. 775–78, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kar, S., D. Jati and S. R. Samantaray, “Overcurrent relay coordination for micro-grid with different operating conditions,” 2016 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), New Delhi, India, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, H., and A. Shobole. 2021. Existing developments in adaptive smart grid protection: a review. Electric Power Systems Research 191:106901. doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106901.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khare, V., 2019. Chapter 5 - Control System of Tidal Power Plant. Tidal Energy Systems, Elsevier 243–94.
   Google Scholar
• Kiselev, A., G. R. Catuogno, A. Kuznietsov, R. Leidhold, et al. June 2020. Finite-Control-Set MPC for Open-Phase Fault-Tolerant Control of PM Synchronous Motor Drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67 (6):4444–52. doi:10.1109/TIE.2019.2931285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, L., and H. Nian. 2020. Transient modeling method for faulty DC microgrid considering control effect of DC/AC and DC/DC Converters. IEEE Access 8:150759–72. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3017015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon, M., and S. Choi. Aug 2018. Control scheme for autonomous and smooth mode switching of bidirectional DC–DC converters in a DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 33(8):7094–104. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2753845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P., Y. Wang, G. Philip Adam, D. Holliday, and B. W. Williams. Oct 2015. Three-Phase AC–AC hexagonal chopper system with heterodyne modulation for power flow control enhancement. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 30(10):5508–21. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2014.2378018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., L. Xu, and L. Yao. June 2017. DC Fault Detection and Location in Meshed Multiterminal HVDC Systems Based on DC Reactor Voltage Change Rate. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 32(3):1516–26. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2590501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., T. Yuan, Q. Yang, W. Sima, C. Sun, and M. Zahn. Oct 2011. Numerical and experimental investigation of grounding electrode impulse-current dispersal regularity considering the transient ionization phenomenon. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 26(4):2647–58. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2158860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., R. Zhan, Y. He, J. Hou, X. Zhao, and X.P. Zhang. 2018. Recent developments in HVDC transmission systems to support renewable energy integrationGlobal Energy Interconnection1(5):595–607. ISSN 2096-5117
   Google Scholar
• Low-voltage electrical installations - Part 1:, 2005. “Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions.” IEC 60364–1
   Google Scholar
• Luna, A. C., N. L. Diaz, M. Graells, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero. April 2017. Mixed-integer-linear-programming-based energy management system for hybrid PV-wind-battery microgrids: modeling, design, and experimental verification. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32(4):2769–83. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2016.2581021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, S., L. Wang, T. Lo, and A. V. Prokhorov. July-Aug 2015. Integration of wind power and wave power generation systems using a DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51(4):2753–61. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2014.2367102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madingou, G., M. Zarghami and M. Vaziri, “Fault detection and isolation in a DC microgrid using a central processing unit,” 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Maleki, M. G., R. M. Chabanloo, H. H. Zeineldin, and S. M. Hosseini Miangafsheh. 2021. Design of setting group-based overcurrent protection scheme for active distribution networks using MILP. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 12 (2):1185–93. doi:10.1109/TSG.2020.3027371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meghwani, A., S. Chakrabarti and S. C. Srivastava, “An on-line fault location technique for DC microgrid using transient measurements,” 7th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS), Pune, India, pp. 386–91, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, L., et al. 2017, Sept. Review on control of DC microgrids and multiple microgrid clusters. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 5 (3):928–48. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2017.2690219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, M., R. R. Panigrahi, and P. K. Rout. 2019. A combined mathematical morphology and extreme learning machine techniques-based approach to micro-grid protection. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 10 (2):307–18. doi:10.1016/j.asej.2019.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra, M., and P. Rout. 2017. Detection and classification of micro-grid faults based on HHT and machine learning techniques. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12 (2):388–97. doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed, A., S. Vanteddu and O. Mohammed, “Protection of bi-directional AC-DC/DC-AC converter in hybrid AC/DC microgrids,” 2012 Proceedings of IEEE Southeastcon, Orlando, FL, USA, pp. 1–6, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, J., F. Badrkhani Ajaei, and G. Stevens. 2019. Grounding the DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55 (5):4490–99. Sept.-Oct. doi:10.1109/TIA.2019.2928278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudaliyar, S., and S. Mishra. March 2019. Coordinated voltage control of a grid connected ring DC microgrid with energy hub. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10(2):1939–48. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2017.2783972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naghizadeh, M., E. Farjah, and T. Ghanbari. May 2020. DC microgrid grounding impact on power electronic interfaces in fault condition. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 67(5):4120–32. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2019.2918468.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najy, W. K. A., H. H. Zeineldin, and W. L. Woon. April 2013. Optimal protection coordination for microgrids with grid-connected and islanded capability. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60(4):1668–77. doi: 10.1109/TIE.2012.2192893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naser, E., S. M. Saad, T. Hussein, and F. A. Mohamed. 2017. Minimizing the impact of distributed generation of a weak distribution network with an artificial intelligence technique. Applied Solar Energy 53 (2):109–22. doi:10.3103/S0003701X17020128.
   Google Scholar
• Ndahepele, L. and S. Chowdhury, “Impact of Distributed Generation on Traditional Protection in Distribution and Transmission Systems: A Review,” 2020 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, IEEE, Nairobi, Kenya, pp. 1–5, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Pahlevaninezhad, M., D. Hamza, and P. K. Jain. March 2014. An Improved layout strategy for common-mode emi suppression applicable to high-frequency planar transformers in high-power DC/DC converters used for electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 29(3):1211–28. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2260176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parhizi, S., H. Lotfi, A. Khodaei, and S. Bahramirad. 2015. State of the art in research on microgrids: a review. IEEE Access 3:890–925. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2443119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J., and J. Candelaria. April 2013. Fault detection and isolation in low-voltage DC-bus microgrid system. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 28(2):779–87. doi: 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2243478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince, S. K., “Power quality enhancement in a distribution network using PSO assisted Kalman filter—based shunt active power filter,” IEEMA Engineer Infinite Conference (eTechNxT), pp. 1–6, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Prince, S. K. et al., “Electric faults detection technique for DC microgrids,” IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE), IEEE, Trivandrum, India, pp. 1–6, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Prince, S. K., S. Affijulla and G. Panda, “Fault detection in IEEE 9-bus DC microgrid system using differential current method,” 3rd International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Clean Energy Technologies, IEEE, Shillong, Meghalaya, India, pp. 1–6, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Prince, S. K., K. P. Panda, S. Affijulla, and G. Panda. 2022. A reliable islanding identification mechanism for DC microgrid using PCC transient signal. International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 23 (5):729–39. doi:10.1515/ijeeps-2021-0411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarangi, S., B. Sahu, and P. Rout. 2020. Distributed generation hybrid AC/DC microgrid protection: a critical review on issues, strategies, and future directions. International Journal of Energy Research. 44 (5):1–18. doi:10.1002/er.5128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senarathna, T. S. S., and K. T. M. U. Hemapala. 2020. Optimized adaptive overcurrent protection using hybridized nature-inspired algorithm and clustering in microgrids. Energies 13 (13):3324. doi:10.3390/en13133324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabani, A., and K. Mazlumi. Jan 2020. Evaluation of a communication-assisted overcurrent protection scheme for photovoltaic-based DC microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(1):429–39. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2923769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharaf, H. M., H. H. Zeineldin, and E. El-Saadany. Jan 2018. Protection coordination for microgrids with grid-connected and islanded capabilities using communication assisted dual setting directional overcurrent relays. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 9(1):143–51. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2016.2546961.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, A., and B. K. Panigrahi. 2019. Interphase fault relaying scheme to mitigate sympathetic tripping in meshed distribution system. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 55 (1):850–57. Jan.-Feb. doi:10.1109/TIA.2018.2866263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siavash, B. et al., “DC microgrid protection: a comprehensive review,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, pp. 1-1. 2019. doi:10.1109/JESTPE.2019.2904588.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair, A., D. Finney, D. Martin, and P. Sharma. May-June 2014. Distance protection in distribution systems: how it assists with integrating distributed resources. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 50(3):2186–96. doi: 10.1109/TIA.2013.2288426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorte, P. K., K. P. Panda, and G. Panda. March 2022. Current reference control based MPPT and investigation of power management algorithm for grid-tied solar PV-battery system. IEEE Systems Journal 16(1):386–96. doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2021.3052959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanidi, A. N. et al., “Sympathetic tripping in a field case study,” 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), IEEE, Glasgow, UK, pp. 1–5, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Suman, M., and M. Venkata Kirthiga. 2019. Chapter 17 - Unintentional islanding detection distributed energy resources in microgrids. Academic Press 419–40.
   Google Scholar
• Tamrakar, A. K. and E. Koley, “A SVM based fault detection and section identification scheme for a hybrid AC/HVDC transmission line with wind farm integration,” IEEE First International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control, IEEE, Nagpur, India , pp. 1–5, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, S., A. M. A. Haidar, and H. Zen. 2020. Assessment of technical and financial benefits of AC and DC microgrids based on solar photovoltaic. Electrical Engineering 102 (3):1297–310. doi:10.1007/s00202-020-00950-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usama, M., M. Moghavvemi, H. Mokhlis, N. N. Mansor, H. Farooq, and A. Pourdaryaei. 2021. Optimal protection coordination scheme for radial distribution network considering ON/OFF-grid. IEEE Access 9:34921–37. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3048940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utkarsh, K., D. Srinivasan, A. Trivedi, W. Zhang, and T. Reindl. May 2019. Distributed model-predictive real-time optimal operation of a network of smart microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 10(3):2833–45. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2018.2810897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakode, S. A., S. Kumar and M. S. Ballal, “A flexible protection approach for DC microgrid using wavelet based machine learning technique,” IEEE 2nd International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC), IEEE, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India, pp. 1–5, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, B., and L. Jing. 2020. A protection method for inverter-based microgrid using current-only polarity comparison. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy 8 (3):446–53. doi:10.35833/MPCE.2018.000722.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., S. Lei, P. Ju, C. Chen, C. Peng, and Y. Hou. July 2020. MDP-based distribution network reconfiguration with renewable distributed generation: approximate dynamic programming approach. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11(4):3620–31. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2019.2963696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., J. Wang, B. Chen, M. M. Begovic, and Y. He. Sept 2014. MPC-based voltage/var optimization for distribution circuits with distributed generators and exponential load models. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 5(5):2412–20. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2014.2329842.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, K. A. and S. O. Faried, “Bi-directional use of fault current limiters for microgrid integration and protection,” 2019 IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference (EPEC), Montreal, QC, Canada, pp. 1–6, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang, X., J. Chai, X. Sun, “A no-arc DC circuit breaker based on zero-current interruption,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2nd Asia Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering (ACPEE 2017), 24–26 March 2017, Shanghai, China, Vol. 199, pp. 012079, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, J., P. Wang, and L. Setyawan. Jan 2016. Implementation of multiple-slack-terminal DC microgrids for smooth transitions between grid-tied and islanded states. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(1):273–81. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2445834.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, Y., J. Ning, Y. Huang, J. Jia, and Z. Jian. 2013. A review of DC micro-grid protection. In Liu, D., Alippi, C., Zhao, D., Hussain, A,(eds). Advances in Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems. BICS 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 7888. Springer :Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38786-9_38
   Google Scholar
• Xue, R., and Z. Wu. 2020. A survey of application and classification on teaching-learning-based optimization algorithm. IEEE Access 8:1062–79. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2960388.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, K. and Y. Liao, “Intelligent method for online adaptive optimum coordination of overcurrent relays,” Clemson University Power Systems Conference (PSC), Charleston, SC, USA, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, J., S. Zhu, C. Li, and C. Zhao. Sept 2019. The enhanced DC fault current calculation method of MMC-HVDC grid with FCLs. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 7(3):1758–67. doi: 10.1109/JESTPE.2018.2888931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., W. Chen, H. Tao, Q. Zhou, Z. Li, and B. Zhang. Nov 2020. Design and experimental verification of an efficient SSCB based on CS-MCT. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35(11):11682–93. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2020.2987418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhan, H., C. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Yang, X. Zhang, C. Wu, and Y. Chen. Jan 2016. Relay protection coordination integrated optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation sources in distribution networks. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7(1):55–65. doi: 10.1109/TSG.2015.2420667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z., M. Chen, J. Jiang, D. Zhang, S. Ye, and C. Liu. March 2020. Analysis and design of a novel thyristor-based circuit breaker for DC microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 35(3):2959–68. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2019.2926581.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., W. -C. Yi, L. Gao, and X. -Y. Li. 2017. Adaptive differential evolution with sorting crossover rate for continuous optimization problems. IEEE Trans Cybern 47 (9):2742–53. doi:10.1109/TCYB.2017.2676882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar