References
- Bar-Kohany, T., and M. Levy. 2016. State of the art review of flash-boiling atomization. Atomization and Sprays 26 (12):1259–305. doi:10.1615/AtomizSpr.2016015626.
- Brown, R., and J. L. York. 1962. Sprays formed by flashing liquid jets. AIChE Journal 8 (2):149–53. doi:10.1002/aic.690080204.
- Busov, K. A., A. V. Reshetnikov, N. A. Mazheiko, and O. A. Kapitunov. 2019. Effect of a passive swirler on superheated liquid outflow. Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics 60 (1):53–58. doi:10.1134/S0021894419010085.
- Cleary, V., P. Bowen, and H. Witlox. 2007. Flashing liquid jets and two-phase droplet dispersion I. Experiments for derivation of droplet atomisation correlations. Journal of Hazardous Materials 142 (3):786–96. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.125.
- Deaves, D. M., S. Gilham, B. H. Mitchell, P. Woodburn, and A. M. Shepherd. 2001. Modelling of catastrophic flashing releases. Journal of Hazardous Materials 88 (1):1–32. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00284-9.
- Fan, X., Y. -L. Wang, Y. Zhou, J. -T. Chen, Y. -P. Huang, and J. -F. Wang. 2018. Experimental study of supercritical CO2 leakage behavior from pressurized vessels. Energy 150:342–50. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.147.
- Galeev, A. D., E. V. Starovoytova, and S. I. Ponikarov. 2013. Numerical simulation of the consequences of liquefied ammonia instantaneous release using FLUENT software. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 91 (3):191–201. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2012.05.002.
- Gu, S. -W., Y. -X. Li, L. Teng, C. -L. Wang, Q. -H. Hu, D. -T. Zhang, X. Ye, J. -H. Wang, and S. Iglauer. 2019. An experimental study on the flow characteristics during the leakage of high pressure CO2 pipelines. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 125:92–101. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2019.03.010.
- Jain, M., B. John, K. N. Iyer, and S. V. Prabhu. 2014. Characterization of the full cone pressure swirl spray nozzles for the nuclear reactor containment spray system. Nuclear Engineering & Design 273:131–42. doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2014.02.025.
- Kitamura, Y., H. Morimitsu, and T. Takahashi. 1986. Critical superheat for flashing of superheated liquid jets. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals 25 (2):206–11. doi:10.1021/i100022a005.
- Li, Y. -F., H. -J. Guo, Z. -F. Zhou, Z. Zhang, X. Ma, and L. -F. Chen. 2019. Spray morphology transformation of propane, n-hexane and iso-octane under flash-boiling conditions. Fuel 236:677–85. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.160.
- Liu, X. -F., R. Xue, Y. -X. Ruan, L. Chen, X. -Q. Zhang, and Y. Hou. 2017. Flow characteristics of liquid nitrogen through solid-cone pressure swirl nozzles. Applied Thermal Engineering 110:290–97. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.150.
- Mahgerefteh, H., S. Brown, and G. Denton. 2012. Modelling the impact of stream impurities on ductile fractures in CO2 pipelines. Chemical Engineering Science 74:200–10. doi:10.1016/j.ces.2012.02.037.
- Mansour, A., and N. Müller. 2019. A review of flash evaporation phenomena and resulting shock waves. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 107:146–68. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.05.021.
- Morad, M. R., M. Nasiri, and G. Amini. 2020. Axis-switching and breakup of rectangular liquid jets. International Journal of Multiphase Flow 126:103242. doi:10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103242.
- Nakamichi, K., Y. Kihara, and T. Okamura. 2008. Observation of liquid hydrogen jet on flashing and evaporation characteristics. Cryogenics 48 (1–2):26–30. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2007.09.004.
- Polanco, G., A. E. HoldØ, and G. Munday. 2010. General review of flashing jet studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials 173 (1–3):2–18. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.138.
- Sharafian, A., P. Blomerus, and W. Merida. 2019. Liquefied natural gas tanker truck-to-tank transfer for on-road transportation. Applied Thermal Engineering 162:114313. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114313.
- Tang, H., X. -H. Pan, Y. Mei, X. -L. Wang, X. -L. Zhu, and J. -C. Jiang. 2022. Morphological characteristics and flashing mechanism of superheated liquid jets released from rectangular breaches. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 79:104840. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104840.
- Wang, X. -., S. B. Chen, R. Wang, H. Xin, and Z. -F. Zhou. 2017. Experimental study on the relation between internal flow and flashing spray characteristics of R134a using straight tube nozzles. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (Part B):524–36. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.040.
- Woodward, J. L. 2009. Validation of two models for discharge rate. Journal of Hazardous Materials 170 (1):219–29. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.126.
- Xia, J., Z. Huang, L. -L. Xu, D. -H. Ju, and X. -C. Lu. 2019. Experimental study on spray and atomization characteristics under subcritical, transcritical and supercritical conditions of marine diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 195:958–71. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.080.
- Xue, R., Y. -X. Ruan, X. -F. Liu, C. Liang, X.Q. Zhang, H. Yu, and S. -T. Chen. 2018. Experimental study of liquid nitrogen spray characteristics in atmospheric environment. Applied Thermal Engineering 142:717–22. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.07.056.
- Xue, R., Y. -X. Ruan, X. -F. Liu, X. Zhong, and Y. Hou. 2021. Internal and external flow characteristics of multi-nozzle spray with liquid nitrogen. Cryogenics 114:103255. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2021.103255.
- Yang, S. -Z., S. -N. Wang, Z. Sun, X. -S. Li, D. -L. Shun, and M. Xu. 2021. In-nozzle bubble formation and its effect on fuel jet breakup under cavitating and flash boiling conditions. Applied Thermal Engineering 183:116120. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2020.116120.
- Zeng, W., M. Xu, G. -M. Zhang, Y. -Y. Zhang, and D. J. Cleary. 2012. Atomization and vaporization for flash-boiling multi-hole sprays with alcohol fuels. Fuel 95 (1):287–97. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2011.08.048.
- Zhang, Y. -X., J. -L. Zhu, Y. -M. Peng, C. -Y. Song, and Y. -X. Li. 2020. Experimental investigation of LNG release underwater and combustion behavior under crosswinds. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 134:239–46. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2019.12.019.
- Zhang, Y., J. Zhu, L. Teng, C. Song, and Y. Li. 2020. Experimental research of LNG accidental underwater release and combustion behavior. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 64 (0):104036. doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2019.104036.
- Zhou, X. -J., K. Li, R. Tu, J. -X. Yi, Q. -Y. Xie, and X. Jiang. 2016. A modelling study of the multiphase leakage flow from pressurised CO2 pipeline. Journal of Hazardous Materials 306:286–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.026.