References
- Abid, M., and O. B. Salha. 2013. The informal economy in Tunisia: Measurement and linkage with the formal economy. International Journal of Economics and Business Research 6 (2):194–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2013.055539.
- Aydın, C. 2021. Silici 2ʹde 120 kişiye gözaltı. Hürriyet. Feburary 27. Accessed April 01,2021. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/silici-2de-120-kisiye-gozalti-41750639.
- Davutyan, N. 2008. Estimating the size of Turkey’s informal sector: An expenditure-based approach. Journal of Economic Policy Reform 11 (4):261–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870802598393.
- Dell’Anno, R., and F. Schneider. 2004. The shadow economy of Italy and other OECD countries: What do we know? Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 21 (2–3):97–120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1332/251569203X15668905422009.
- Derdiyok, T. 1993. Türkiye’nin Kayıtdışı Ekonomisinin Tahmini. Türkiye İktisat Dergisi 14:54–63.
- DGS. 2017. Kaçakçılık ve organize suçlarla mücadele 2016 raporu. Ankara: Directorate General of Security (DGS) in Turkey.
- Dickey, D. A., and W. A. Fuller. 1979. Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association 74 (366):427–31.
- Feige, E. 1996. Overseas holdings of U.S. currency and the underground economy. In Exploring the Underground Economy, 5-62, ed. S. Pozo, 5–62. Kalamazoo: MI: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research.
- Ghosh, T., S. Anderson, R. L. Powell, P. C. Sutton, and C. D. Elvidge. 2009. Estimation of Mexico’s informal economy and remittances using nighttime imagery. Remote Sensing 1 (3):418–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1030418.
- IEA. 2018. Total Final Consumption (TFC) by source. from IEA https://www.iea.org/statistics
- Ilgın, Y. 2002. Kayıtdışı ekonomiyi tahmin yöntemleri ve Türkiye’de durum. In DPT Planlama Dergisi, 145–55.
- Johansen, S., and K. Juselius. 1990. Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration--with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 52 (2):169–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x.
- Karanfil, F., and A. Özkaya. 2007. Estimation of real GDP and unrecorded economy in Turkey based on environmental data. Energy Policy 35 (10):4902–08. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2007.04.012.
- Kasnakoglu, Z. 1993. Monetary approach to the measurement of unrecorded economy in Turkey. METU Studies in Development 20(1-2):87–111.
- Kaufmann, D., and A. Kaliberda. 1996. Integrating the unofficial economy into the dynamics of post-socialist economies: A framework of analysis and evidence. B. Kaminsky (Ed.), Economic Transition in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, M.E., Sharpe Press, London: 81-120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-1691.
- Korkmaz, E., and A. P. Akgüngör. 2018. Flower pollination algorithm approach for the transportation energy demand estimation in Turkey: Model development and application. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 13 (11–12):429–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2019.1572835.
- Kwiatkowski, D., P. C. Phillips, P. Schmidt, and Y. Shin. 1992. Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root. Journal of Econometrics 54 (1–3):159–78.
- Lackó, M. 1999. Electricity intensity and the unrecorded economy in post-socialist countries. In Underground Economies in Transition, ed. K. Ott and E. L. Feige, 102–42. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Company.
- Medina, L., and F. Schneider. 2018. Shadow economies around the world: what did we learn over the last 20 years? IMF Working Paper 18/17: 1–76.
- Mogensen, G. V. 1995. The shadow economy in Denmark 1994: Measurement and results. Copenhagen: Rockwool Foundation Research Unit: Distributed by Danmarks Statistics.
- Ng, S., and P. Perron. 2001. Lag Length selection and the construction of unit root tests with good size and power. Econometrica 69 (6):1519–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00256.
- OECD. 2018. Consumption tax trends 2018: VAT/GST and excise rate. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- Ogunc, F., and G. Yilmaz 2000. Estimating the underground economy in Turkey: CBRT Research Department Discussion Paper.
- Paglin, M. 1994. The underground economy: New estimates from household income and expenditure surveys. The Yale Law Journal 103 (8):2239–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/797046.
- . Renzi-Ricci, G. 2016. Estimating equity betas: What can a time-varying approach add? A comparison of ordinary least squares and the Kalman filter. Insights in Economics, 1–9, NERA Economic Consulting, New York, NY.
- Savaşan, F. 2003. Modeling the underground economy in Turkey: Randomized response and MIMIC models. Journal of Economic Insight (Formerly the Journal of Economics (MVEA)) 29 (1):49–76.
- Schneider, F. 1997. The shadow economies of Western Europe. Economic Affairs 17 (3):42–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0270.00041.
- Schneider, F., and F. Savasan. 2007. Dynamic estimates of the size of shadow economies of Turkey and of her neighbouring countries. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 9 (5):126–43.
- Sen, S., and M. Uzunoz. 2017. Is Economic growth sensitive to oil consumption shocks in Turkey? Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 12 (1):70–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1170907.
- Smith, P. 1994. Assessing the size of the underground economy: The statistics Canada perspective. Canadian Economic Observer 11-010 (3):16–33.
- Stock, J. H. 1987. Asymptotic properties of least squares estimators of cointegrating vectors. Econometrica 55 (5):1035–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1911260.
- Tanaka, K., and S. Keola. 2017. Shedding light on the shadow economy: A nighttime light approach. The Journal of Development Studies 53 (1):32–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2016.1171845.
- Temel, A., A. Şimşek, and K. Yazıcı. 1994. Kayıtdışı ekonomi tanımı, tespit yöntemleri ve Türk ekonomisindeki büyüklüğü. Ankara: DPT.
- Us, V. 2004. Kayıtdışı ekonomi tahmini yöntem önerisi: Türkiye örneği. In: Discussion Paper, Turkish Economic Association.
- Williams, C., and F. Schneider. 2016. Measuring the global shadow economy: The prevalence of informal work and labour. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
- Williams, C., and M. A. Lansky. 2013. Informal employment in developed and developing economies: Perspectives and policy responses. International Labour Review 152 (3–4):355–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2013.00196.x.
- Witte, A. D. 1987. The nature and extend of unreported activity: A survey concentrating on a recent US-research. The Unofficial Economy: Consequences and perspectives in different economic systems. Gower: Aldershot.
- Yalta, A. T., and A. Y. Yalta. 2016. the Dynamics of Fuel Demand and Illegal Fuel Activity in Turkey. Energy Economics 54 :144–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.11.026.