A Review of Heat Transfer Physics

REFERENCES

• Hoover , W.G. , Ladd , A.J.C and Hoover , V.N. 1983 . Historical Development and Recent Applications of Molecular Dynamics . ACS Advances in Chemistry Series , 204 : 29 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , W.G. 1986 . Molecular Dynamics , Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Haile , J.M. 1992 . Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Elementary Methods , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Frenkel , D. and Smit , B. 2002 . Understanding Molecular Simulation, from Algorithms to Applications , 2nd , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holcomb , C.D. , Clancy , P. and Zollweg , J.A. 1993 . A Critical Study of the Simulation of the Liquid-Vapor Interface of a Lennard-Jones Fluid . Molecular Physics , 78 : 437 – 459 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , M. , Guo , Z.-Y. and Liang , X.-G. 2001 . Molecular Simulation of Some Thermophysical Properties and Phenomena . Microscale Thermophysical Engineering , 5 : 1 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• 7. A.P. Wemhoff and V.P. Carey, Molecular Dynamics Exploration of Properties in the Liquid-Vapor Interfacial Region, Paper HT2003-47158, July 21–23, 2003; Las Vegas, Nev.
   Google Scholar
• 8. A.P. Wemhoff and V.P. Carey, Surface Tension Evaluation via Thermodynamic Analysis of Statistical Data from Molecular Dynamic Simulations, Paper HT-FED04-56690, July 14–16, 2004; Charlotte, N.C.
   Google Scholar
• Alejandre , J. , Tildesley , D.J. and Chapela , G.A. 1995 . Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Orthobaric Densities and Surface Tension of Water . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 102 : 4574 – 4583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang , L.X. and Chang , T.-M. 1997 . Molecular Dynamics Study of Water Clusters, Liquid, and Liquid-Vapor Interface of Water with Many-Body Potentials . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 106 : 8149 – 8159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matusmoto , M. , Takaoka , Y. and Kataoka , Y. 1993 . Liquid-Vapor Interface of Water-Methanol Mixture. I. Computer Simulation . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 98 : 1464 – 1472 .
   Google Scholar
• Daiguji , H. 2001 . Molecular Dynamics Study of n-Alcohols Adsorbed on an Aqueous Electrolyte Solution . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 115 : 1538 – 1549 .
   Google Scholar
• Alejandre , J. , Tildesley , D.J. and Chapela , G.A. 1995 . Fluid Phase Equilibria Using Molecular Dynamics: The Surface Tension of Chlorine and Hexane . Molecular Physics , 85 : 651 – 663 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hariharan , A. and Harris, J.G. , J.G. 1994 . Structure and Thermodynamics of the Liquid-Vapor Interface of Fluorocarbons and Semifluorinated Alkane Diblocks: A Molecular Dynamics Study . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 101 : 4156 – 4165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2001 . ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook , Atlanta, GA : American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , K.S. 1974 . Phase Separation of Lennard-Jones Systems: A Film in Equilibrium with Vapor . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 60 : 4226 – 4230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunikov , D.O. , Malyshenko , S.P. and Zhakhovski , V.V. 2001 . Corresponding States Law and Molecular Dynamic Simulations of the Lennard-Jones Fluid . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 115 : 6623 – 6631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemhoff , A.P. and Carey , V.P. 2005 . Molecular Dynamics Exploration of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces. 1. Monatomic Fluid Films . Microscale Thermophysical Engineering , 9 : 331 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemhoff , A.P. and Carey , V.P. 2005 . Molecular Dynamics Exploration of Thin Liquid Films on Solid Surfaces. 2. Polyatomic Nonpolar Fluid and Water Films . Microscale Thermophysical Engineering , 9 : 351 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wemhoff , A.P. and Carey , V.P. 2005 . Disjoining Pressure Effects in Ultra-Thin Liquid Films in Micropassages—Comparison of Thermodynamic Theory with Predictions of Molecular Dynamics Simulations . IMECE2005-80234 . November 5–11 2005 , Orlando, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1950 . Classical Mechanics , Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Box , G.E.P. and Muller , M.E. 1958 . A note on the Generation of Random Normal Deviates . Annual Mathematical Statistics , 29 : 610 – 611 .
   Google Scholar
• Ciccotti , G. and Ryckaert , J.P. 1986 . Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Rigid Molecules . Computer Physics Reports , 4 : 345 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh , I.C. and Berkowitz , M.L. 1999 . Ewald Summation for Systems with Slab Geometry . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 111 : 3155 – 3162 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alejandre , J. , Tildesley , D.J. and Chapela , G.A. 1995 . Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Orthobaric Densities and Surface Tension of Water . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 102 : 4574 – 4583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyes , D.M. 1994 . Pressure Tensor of Partial-Charge and Point-Dipole Lattices with Bulk and Surface Geometries . Physical Review B , 49 : 755 – 764 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend , R.M. , Gryko , J. and Rice , S.A. 1985 . Structure of the Liquid-Vapor Interface of Water . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 82 : 4391 – 4392 .
   Google Scholar
• Hansen , J.-P. and McDonald , I.R. 1986 . Theory of Simple Liquids , 2nd , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frenkel , D. and Smit , B. 2002 . Understanding Molecular Simulation, from Algorithms to Applications , 2nd , San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Y. , Lukes , J.R. , Li , D. , Yang , J. and Wu , Y. 2004 . Thermal Expansion and Impurity Effects on Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Solid Argon . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 120 : 3841 – 3846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berendsen , H.J.C. , Grigera , J.R. and Straatsma , T.P. 1987 . The Missing Term in Effective Pair Potentials . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 91 : 6269 – 6271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen , C. 1983 . Rattle: A “Velocity” Version of the Shake Algorithm for Molecular Dynamics Calculations . Journal of Computational Physics , 52 : 24 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. and Hawks , N.E. 1995 . Stochastic Modeling of Molecular Transport to an Evaporating Microdroplet in a Superheated Gas . Journal of Heat Transfer , 117 : 432 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Oh , C.K. , Oran , E.S. and Sinkovits , R.S. 1997 . Computations of High-Speed, High Knudsen Number Microchannel Flows . Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer , 11 : 407 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Mavriplis , C. , Ahn , J.C. and Goulard , R. 1997 . Heat Transfer and Flow Fields in Short Microchannels Using Direct Simulation Monte Carlo . Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer , 11 : 489 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayegh , R. , Faghri , M. , Asako , Y. and Sunden , B. 2004 . “ Direct Simulation Monte Carlo of Gaseous Flow and Heat Transfer in a Microchannel ” . In Heat and Fluid Flow in Microscale and Nanoscale Structures , Edited by: Faghri , M. and Sunden , B. 349 – 374 . Southampton, , UK : WIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jiang , P. and Carey , V.P. 2001 . Parallelized DSMC Modeling of Transport Near Liquid-Vapor Interfaces in a Micro Bubble Heat Pipe . Paper IMECE2001/HTD-24194 . November 11–16 2001 . New York, New York : ASME .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. , Oyumi , S.M. and Ahmed , S. 1997 . Post Nucleation Growth of Water Microdroplets in Supersaturated Gas Mixtures: A Molecular Simulation Study . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 40 : 2393 – 2406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. 2000 . Surface Tension Effects on Post-Nucleation Growth of Water Microdroplets in Supersaturated Gas Mixtures . Journal of Heat Transfer , 122 : 294 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. 2002 . DSMC Modeling of Interface Curvature Effects on Near-Interface Transport . Microscale Thermophysical Engineering , 6 : 75 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Bird , G.A. 1994 . Molecular Gas Dynamics and the Direct Simulation of Gas Flows , Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tolman , R.C. 1949 . Effect of Droplet Size on Surface Tension . The Journal of Chemical Physics , 17 : 333 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald , J.D. A Computationally Efficient Particle Simulation Method Suited to Vector Computer Architectures . Report SUDAAR 589 . December, 1989 . Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University.
   Google Scholar
• Baganoff , D. and McDonald , J.D. 1990 . A Collision-Selection Rule for a Particle Simulation Method Suited to Vector Computers . Physics of Fluids A , 2 : 1248 – 1259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pruppacher , H.R. and Klett , J.D. 1980 . Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation , Edited by: Reidel , D. Dordrecht, , Holland : Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , F. and Paikert , B. 1994 . Measurement and Interpretation of Growth and Evaporation of Monodispersed Droplets in a Shock Tube . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 37 : 293 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey , V.P. 1992 . Liquid-Vapor Phase Change Phenomena , New York : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , F. and Meyer , K.A.J. 1995 . Measurement and Interpretation of Growth and Evaporation of Monodispersed Water Droplets Suspended in Pure Vapor . International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer , 38 : 3285 – 3293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohara , T. 2004 . “ Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanoscale Heat and Fluid Flow ” . In Heat and Fluid Flow in Microscale and Nanoscale Structures , Edited by: Faghri , M. and Sunden , B. 349 – 374 . Southampton, , UK : WIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Planck , M. 1991 . The Theory of Heat Radiation , New York : Dover .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , G. 2005 . Nanoscale Energy Transfer and Conversion , Oxford : Oxford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Born , M. and Wolf , E. 1980 . Principles of Optics , Oxford : Pergaman Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carminati , R. and Greffet , J.J. 1999 . Near Field Effects in Spatial Coherence of Thermal Sources . Physical Review Letters , 82 : 1660 – 1663 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , G. and Tien , C.L. 1992 . Partial Coherence Theory of Thin Film Radiative Properties . Journal of Heat Transfer , 114 : 636 – 643 .
   Google Scholar
• Hu , L. , Schmidt , A. , Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2004 . Effects of Periodic Structures on the Coherence Properties of Blackbody Radiation . Journal of Heat Transfer , 126 : 786 – 792 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , P.W. 1958 . The Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices . Physical Review , 109 : 1492 – 1505 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohren , C.F. and Huffman , D.R. 1983 . Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2005 . Direct Computation of Thermal Emission from Nanostructures . Annual Review of Heat Transfer , 14 : 169 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , C. , Joannopoulos , J.D. , Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2004 . Thermal Radiation from Photonic Crystals: A Direct Calculation . Physical Review Letters , 93 ( 1–4 ) : 213905
   Google Scholar
• Yablonovitch , E. 1986 . Inihibited Spontaneous Emission in Solid-State Physics and Electronics . Physical Review Letters , 58 : 2059 – 2062 .
   Google Scholar
• 61. S.M. Rytov, Theory of Electric Fluctuations and Thermal Radiation, Paper #AFCRC-TR-59–162, 1959; Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Bedford, Mass.
   Google Scholar
• Polder , D. and Van Hove , M. 1971 . Theory of Radiative Heat Transfer between Closely Spaced Bodies . Physical Review B , 4 : 3303 – 3314 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2005 . Thermal Radiation in 1D Photonic Crystals . Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer , 93 : 175 – 183 .
   Google Scholar
• Cravolho , E.G. , Tien , C.L. and Caren , R.P. 1967 . Effect of Small Spacing on Radiation Transfer between Two Dielectrics . Journal of Heat Transfer , 89 : 351 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Raether , H. 1987 . Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings , Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2003 . Surface Modes for Near-Field Thermophotovoltaics . Applied Physics Letters , 82 : 3544 – 3546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grefett , J.-J. , Carminati , R. , Joulain , K. , Mulet , J.-P. , Malnguy , S. and Chen , Y. 2002 . Coherent Emission of Light by Thermal Sources . Nature , 416 : 61 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , D.-Z.A. , Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2005 . Surface Phonon-Polariton Mediated Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Amorphous Thin Films . Physical Review B , 72 : 155435
   Google Scholar
• Mulet , J.-P. , Joulain , K. , Carminati , R. and Greffet , J.-J. 2001 . Nanoscale Radiative Heat Transfer between a Small Particle and a Plane Surface . Applied Physics Letters , 78 : 2931 – 2933 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendry , J.B. 2000 . Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens . Physical Review Letters , 85 : 3966 – 3969 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , D.R. , Pendry , J.B. and Wiltshire , M.C.K. 2005 . Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index . Science , 305 : 788 – 792 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , B.J. , Fu , C.J. and Zhang , Z.M. 2005 . Coherent Thermal Emission from One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals . Applied Physics Letters , 87 : 071904-1/3
   Google Scholar
• Laroche , M. , Carminati , R. and Greffet , J.-J. 2006 . Coherent Thermal Antenna Using a Photonic Crystal Slab . Physical Review Letters , 96 : 123903/1-4
   Google Scholar
• 74. L. Hu and G. Chen, unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Yang , R.G. , Narayanaswamy , A. and Chen , G. 2005 . Surface-Plasmon Coupled Nonequilibrium Thermoelectric Refrigerators and Power Generators . J. Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience , 2 : 75 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Baüerle , D. 2000 . Laser Processing and Chemistry , 3rd , Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Betzig , E. , Trautman , J.K. , Harris , T.D. , Weiner , J.S. and Kostelak , R.L. 1991 . Breaking the Diffraction Barrier: Optical Microscopy at Nanometric Scale . Science , 251 : 1468 – 1470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl , D.W. , Denk , W. and Lanz , M. 1984 . Optical Stethoscopy: Image Recording with Resolution λ/20 . Applied Physics Letters , 44 : 651 – 653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegscheider , S. , Kirsch , A. , Mlynek , J. and Krausch , G. 1995 . Scanning Near-Field Optical Lithography . Thin Solid Films , 264 : 264 – 267 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutoit , B. , Zeisel , D. , Deckert , V. and Zenobi , R. 1997 . Laser-Induced Ablation through Nanometer-Sized Tip Apertures: Mechanistic Aspects . Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 101 : 6955 – 6959 .
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman , K. , Shani , Y. , Melnik , I. , Yoffe , S. and Sharon , Y. 1999 . Near-field Optical Photomask Repair with a Femtosecond Laser . Journal of Microscopy , 194 : 537 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jersch , J. , Demming , F. and Dickmann , K. 1997 . Nanostructuring with Laser Radiation in the Nearfield of a Tip from a Scanning Force Microscope . Applied Physics A , 64 : 29 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , S.M. , Hong , M.H. , Lu , Y.F. , Lukyanchuk , B.S. , Song , W.D. and Chong , T.C. 2002 . Pulsed-Laser Assisted Nanopatterning of Metallic Layers Combined with Atomic Force Microscopy . Journal of Applied Physics , 91 : 3268 – 3274 .
   Google Scholar
• Boneberg , J. , Munzer , H.J. , Tresp , M. , Ochmann , M. and Leiderer , P. 1998 . The Mechanism of Nanostructuring upon Nanosecond Laser Irradiation of a STM Tip . Applied Physics A , 67 : 381 – 384 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimmalgi , A. , Choi , T.-Y. , Grigoropoulos , C.P. and Komvopoulos , K. 2003 . Femtosecond Laser Apertureless Near-Field Nanomachining of Metals Assisted by Scanning Probe Microscopy . Applied Physics Letters , 82 : 1146 – 1148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chimmalgi , A. , Grigoropoulos , C.P. and Komvopoulos , K. 2005 . Surface Nanostructuring by Nano-/Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Scanning Force Microscopy . Journal of Applied Physics , 97 : 104319(1) – 104319(12) .
   Google Scholar
• Pistor , T.V. Electromagnetic Simulation and Modeling with Applications in Lithography . Memorandum No. UCB/ERL M01/19 . 2001 . Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Ohtsu , M. 1998 . Near-Field Nano/Atom Optics and Technology , Tokyo : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Ukraintsev , V.A. and Yates , J.T. 1996 . Nanosecond Laser Induced Single Atom Deposition with Nanometer Spatial Resolution Using a STM . Journal of Applied Physics , 80 : 2561 – 2571 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawata , Y. , Xu , C. and Denk , W. 1999 . Feasibility of Molecular-Resolution Fluorescence Near-Field Microscopy Using Multi-Photon Absorption and Field Enhancement Near a Sharp Tip . Journal of Applied Physics , 85 : 1294 – 1301 .
   Google Scholar
• Bachelot , R. , H'Dhili , F. , Barchiesi , D. , Lerondel , G. , Fikri , R. , Royer , P. , Landraud , N. , Peretti , J. , Chaput , F. , Lampel , G. , Boilot , J. and Lahlil , K. 2003 . Apertureless Near-Field Optical Microscopy: A Study of the Local Tip Field Enhancement Using Photosensitive Azobenzene-Containing Films . Journal of Applied Physics , 94 : 2060 – 2072 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez , J. , Novotny , L. and Xie , X.S. 1999 . Near-Field Fluorescence Microscopy Based on Two-Photon Excitation with Metal Tips . Physical Review Letters , 82 : 4014 – 4017 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebbesen , T.W. , Lezec , H.J. , Ghaemi , H.F. , Thio , T. and Wolff , P.A. 1998 . Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Sub-Wavelength Hole Arrays . Nature , 391 : 667 – 669 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang , D.J. , Chimmalgi , A. and Grigoropoulos , C.P. 2006 . Ablation of Thin Metal Films by Short-Pulsed Lasers Coupled through Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy Probes . Journal of Applied Physics , 99 : 044905 – 044916 .
   Google Scholar
• Peng , C. , Cheng , L. and Mansuripur , M. 1997 . Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Laser-Induced Crystallization and Amorphization in Phase-Change Optical Recording Media . Journal of Applied Physics , 82 : 4183 – 4191 .
   Google Scholar
• Chimmalgi , A. , Hwang , D.J. and Grigoropoulos , C.P. 2005 . Nanoscale Rapid Melting and Crystallization of Semiconductor Thin Films . Nano Letters , 5 : 1924 – 1930 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , M. , Moon , S. , Hatano , M. , Suzuki , K. and Grigoropoulos , C.P. 2000 . Relationship between Fluence Gradient and Lateral Grain Growth in Spatially Controlled Excimer Laser Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon Films . Journal of Applied Physics , 88 : 4994 – 4999 .
   Google Scholar
• Stolk , P.A. , Polman , A. and Sinke , W.C. 1993 . Experimental Test of Kinetic Theories for Heterogeneous Freezing in Silicon . Physical Review B , 47 : 5 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , M. , Moon , S. and Grigoropoulos , C.P. 2001 . In Situ Visualization of Interface Dynamics during the Double Laser Recrystallization of Amorphous Silicon Thin Films . Journal of Crystal Growth , 226 : 8 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Wanke , M.C. , Lehmann , O. , Muller , K. , Qingzhe , W. and Stuke , M. 1997 . Laser Rapid Prototyping of Photonic Band-Gap Microstructures . Science , 275 : 1284 – 1286 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 101. D.J. Hwang, Pulsed Laser Processing of Electronic Materials in Micro/Nanoscale, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California Berkeley, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Chu , S. 1998 . The Manipulation of Neutral Particles . Reviews of Modern Physics , 70 : 685 – 706 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , W. 1998 . Laser Cooling and Trapping of Neutral Atoms . Reviews of Modern Physics , 70 : 721 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell , E. and Wieman , C. 2002 . Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Gas, the First 70 Years and Some Recent Experiments . Reviews of Modern Physics , 74 : 875 – 893 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketterle , W. 2002 . Nobel Lecture: When Atoms Behave as Waves: Bose-Einstein Condensation and the Atom Laser . Reviews of Modern Physics , 74 : 1131 – 1151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringsheim , P. 1929 . Zwei Bemerkungen Uber den Unterschied von Lumineszenz und Temperaturstrahlung . Zeitschrift für Physik , 57 : 739 – 746 .
   Google Scholar
• Vavilov , S. 1945 . Some Remarks on the Stokes Law . Journal of Physics (Moscow) , 9 : 68 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Vavilov , S. 1946 . Photoluminescence and Thermodynamics . Journal of Physics (Moscow) , 10 : 499 – 501 .
   Google Scholar
• Landau , L. 1962 . On the Thermodynamics of Photoluminescence . Journal of Physics (Moscow) , 10 : 503 – 506 .
   Google Scholar
• Mungan , C. 2005 . Radiation Thermodynamics with Applications to Lasing and Fluorescent Cooling . American Journal of Physics , 73 : 1458 – 1460 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , X.L. , Rand , S.C. and Kaviany , M. 2007 . Entropy and Efficiency of Laser Cooling of Solids . Physical Review B , 75 : 214304(1–9)
   Google Scholar
• Kushida , T. and Geusic , J. 1968 . Optical Refrigeration in Nd-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet . Physical Review Letters , 21 : 1172 – 1175 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djeu , N. and Whitney , W. 1981 . Laser Cooling by Spontaneous Anti-Stokes Scattering . Physical Review Letters , 46 : 236 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , R. , Buckwald , M. , Edwards , B. , Gosnell , T. and Mungan , C. 1995 . Observation of Laser-Induced Fluorescent Cooling of a Solid . Nature , 377 : 500 – 503 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mungan , C. , Buchwald , M. , Edwards , B. , Epstein , R. and Gosnell , T. 1997 . Internal Laser Cooling of Yb3+-Doped Glass Measured between 100 and 300 K . Applied Physics Letters , 71 : 1458 – 1460 .
   Google Scholar
• Luo , X. , Eisaman , M. and Gosnell , T. 1998 . Laser Cooling of a Solid by 21 K Starting from Room Temperature . Optics Letters , 23 : 639 – 641 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , B. , Anderson , J. , Epstein , R. , Mills , G. and Mord , A. 1999 . Demonstration of a Solid-State Optical Cooler: An Approach to Cryogenic Refrigeration . Journal of Applied Physics , 86 : 6489 – 6493 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosnell , T. 1999 . Laser Cooling of a Solid by 65 K Starting from Room Temperature . Optics Letters , 24 : 1041 – 1043 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez , J. , Mendioroz , A. , Garcia , A. , Balda , R. and Adam , J. 2000 . Anti-Stokes Laser-Induced Internal Cooling of Yb3+-Doped Glasses . Physical Review B , 62 : 3213 – 3217 .
   Google Scholar
• Epstein , R. , Brown , J. , Edwards , B. and Gibbs , A. 2001 . Measurements of Optical Refrigeration in Ytterbium Doped Crystals . Journal of Applied Physics , 90 : 4815 – 4819 .
   Google Scholar
• Rayner , A. , Friese , M. , Truscott , A. , Heckenberg , N. and Rubinsztein-Dunlop , H. 2001 . Laser Cooling of a Solid from Ambient Temperature . Journal of Modern Optics , 48 : 103 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt , C. , Hasselbeck , M. , Sheik-Bahae , M. , Epstein , R. , Greeneld , S. , Thiede , J. , Distel , J. and Valencia , J. 2003 . Advances in Laser Cooling of Thulium-Doped Glass . Journal of the Optical Society of America B , 20 : 1066 – 1074 .
   Google Scholar
• Heeg , B. , Stone , M. , Khizhnyak , A. , Rumbles , G. , Mills , G. and Debarber , P. 2004 . Experimental Demonstration of Intracavity Solid-State Laser Cooling of Yb3+: ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF Glass . Physical Review A , 70 ( 1–4 ) : 021401
   Google Scholar
• Thiede , J. , Distel , J. , Greeneld , S. and Epstein , R. 2005 . Cooling to 208 K by Optical Refrigeration . Applied Physics Letters , 86 : 154107
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , S. and Mungan , C. 2000 . New Materials for Optical Cooling . Applied Physics B , 71 : 807 – 811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendioroz , A. , Fernandez , J. , Voda , M. , Al-Saleh , M. , Balda , R. and Garcia-Adeva , A. 2002 . Anti-Stokes Laser Cooling in Yb3+-Doped KPb2Cl5 Crystal . Optics Letters , 27 : 1525 – 1527 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheik-Bahae , M. and Epstein , R. 2004 . Can Laser Light Cool Semiconductors? . Physical Review Letters , 368 : 247403
   Google Scholar
• Merzbacher , E. 1998 . Quantum Mechanics , 3rd , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hehlen , M. , Gudel , H. , Shu , Q. and Rand , S. 1996 . Cooperative Optical Bistability in the Dimer System Cs3Y2Br9: 10% Yb3+ . Journal of Chemical Physics , 104 : 1232 – 1244 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , X. and Kaviany , M. 2006 . Enhanced Laser Cooling of Rare-Earth-Ion-Doped Nanocrystalline Powders . Physical Review B , 73 : 155422(1–15)
   Google Scholar
• Di Bartolo , B. 1968 . Optical Interaction in Solids , New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , R.C. 1998 . Physics of Solid State Laser Materials , New York : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ruan , X.L. and Kaviany , M. 2008 . Ab Initio Photon-Electron and Electron-Vibration Coupling Calculations in Laser Cooling of Ion-Doped Solids . Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience , in press
   Google Scholar
• Chu , R.C. , Simons , R.E. , Ellsworth , M.J. , Schmidt , R.R. and Cozzolino , V. 2004 . Review of Cooling Technologies for Computer Products . IEEE Transactions on Device Materials and Reliability , 4 : 568 – 585 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel , T.W. 2005 . Ultimate Limits to Thermally Assisted Magnetic Recording . Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter , 17 : R315 – R332 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figge , S. , Bottcher , T. , Hommel , D. , Zellweger , C. and Ilegems , M. 2003 . Heat Generation and Dissipation in GaN-Based Light Emitting Devices . Physica Status Solidi A , 200 : 83 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Padture , N.P. , Gell , M. and Jordan , E.H. 2002 . Materials Science—Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas-Turbine Engine Applications . Science , 296 : 280 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schelling , P.K. , Shi , L. and Goodson , K.E. 2005 . Managing Heat for Electronics . Materials Today , 8 : 30 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majumdar , A. 2004 . Thermoelectricity in Semiconductor Nanostructures . Science , 303 : 777 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien , C.L. , Majumdar , A. and Gerner , F.M. 1998 . Microscale Energy Transport , Washington, DC : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Cahill , D.G. , Ford , W.K. , Goodson , K.E. , Mahan , G.D. , Majumdar , A. , Maris , H.J. , Merlin , R. and Phillpot , S.R. 2003 . Nanoscale Thermal Transport . Journal of Applied Physics , 93 : 793 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill , D.G. , Goodson , K. and Majumdar , A. 2002 . Thermometry and Thermal Transport in Micro/Nanoscale Solid-State Devices and Structures . Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the ASME , 124 : 223 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capinski , W.S. , Maris , H.J. , Ruf , T. , Cardona , M. , Ploog , K. and Katzer , D.S. 1999 . Thermal Conductivity Measurements of GaAs/AlAs Superlattices Using a Picosecond Optical Pump-and-Probe Technique . Physical Review B , 59 : 8105 – 8113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatasubramanian , R. 2000 . Lattice Thermal Conductivity Reduction and Phonon Localizationlike Behavior in Superlattice Structures . Physical Review B , 61 : 3091 – 3097 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D.Y. , Wu , Y. , Fan , R. , Yang , P.D. and Majumdar , A. 2003 . Thermal Conductivity of Si/SiGe Superlattice Nanowires . Applied Physics Letters , 83 : 3186 – 3188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , T.C. , Taylor , P.J. , Walsh , M.P. and LaForge , B.E. 2002 . Quantum Dot Superlattice Thermoelectric Materials and Devices . Science , 297 : 2229 – 2232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , W. , Zide , J. , Gossard , A. , Klenov , D. , Stemmer , S. , Shakouri , A. and Majumdar , A. 2006 . Thermal Conductivity Reduction and Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Increase by Embedding Nanoparticles in Crystalline Semiconductors . Physical Review Letters , 96 : 045901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , D.Y. , Wu , Y.Y. , Kim , P. , Shi , L. , Yang , P.D. and Majumdar , A. 2003 . Thermal Conductivity of Individual Silicon Nanowires . Applied Physics Letters , 83 : 2934 – 2936 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , W. and Majumdar , A. 2006 . Phonon Scattering Cross Section of Polydispersed Spherical Nanoparticles . Journal of Applied Physics , 99 : 084306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasher , R. 2006 . Thermal Transport Due to Phonons in Random Nano-Particulate Media in the Multiple and Dependent (Correlated) Elastic Scattering Regime . Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the ASME , 128 : 627 – 637 .
   Google Scholar
• Prasher , R.S. 2004 . Mie scattering Theory for Phonon Transport in Particulate Media . Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the ASME , 126 : 793 – 804 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costescu , R.M. , Cahill , D.G. , Fabreguette , F.H. , Sechrist , Z.A. and George , S.M. 2004 . Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in W/Al2O3 Nanolaminates . Science , 303 : 989 – 990 .
   Google Scholar
• Swartz , E.T. and Pohl , R.O. 1989 . Thermal-Boundary Resistance . Reviews of Modern Physics , 61 : 605 – 668 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingo , N. , Yang , L. , Li , D. and Majumdar , A. 2003 . Predicting the Thermal Conductivity of Si and Ge Nanowires . Nano Letters , 3 : 1713 – 1716 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 155. P.G. Murphy and J.E. Moore, Phonon Localization by Coherent Multiple Scattering in Thermal Transport in Nanowires, unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Narayanamurti , V. , Stormer , H.L. , Chin , M.A. , Gossard , A.C. and Wiegmann , W. 1979 . Selective Transmission of High-Frequency Phonons by a Super-Lattice-Dielectric Phonon Filter . Physical Review Letters , 43 : 2012 – 2016 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gundrum , B.C. , Cahill , D.G. and Averback , R.S. 2005 . Thermal Conductance of Metal-Metal Interfaces . Physical Review B , 72 : 245426
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costescu , R.M. , Wall , M.A. and Cahill , D.G. 2003 . Thermal Conductance of Epitaxial Interfaces . Physical Review B , 67 : 054302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyeo , H.K. and Cahill , D.G. 2006 . Thermal Conductance of Interfaces between Highly Dissimilar Materials . Physical Review B , 73 : 144301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner , R.J. and Maris , H.J. 1993 . Kapitza Conductance and Heat-Flow between Solids at Temperatures from 50 to 300 K . Physical Review B , 48 : 16373 – 16387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , A.N. , Hostetler , J.L. and Norris , P.M. 2000 . Thermal Boundary Resistance Measurements Using a Transient Thermoreflectance Technique . Microscale Thermophysical Engineering , 4 : 51 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , E.K. , Kwun , S.I. , Lee , S.M. , Seo , H. and Yoon , J.G. 2000 . Thermal Boundary Resistance at Ge2Sb2Te5/ZnS:SiO2 Interface . Applied Physics Letters , 76 : 3864 – 3866 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill , D.G. , Bullen , A. and Lee , S.M. 2000 . Interface Thermal Conductance and the Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Thin Films . High Temperatures-High Pressures , 32 : 135 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockhouse , B.N. , Rao , K.R. , Woods , A.D.B. , Caglioti , G. and Arase , T. 1962 . Crystal Dynamics of Lead .1. Dispersion Curves at 100 Degrees K . Physical Review , 128 : 1099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren , J.L. , Yarnell , J.L. , Dolling , G. and Cowley , R.A. 1967 . Lattice Dynamics of Diamond . Physical Review , 158 : 805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , R. , Segalman , R. and Majumdar , A. 2006 . Room Temperature Thermal Conductance of Alkanedithiol Self-Assembled Monolayers . Applied Physics Letters , 89 : 173113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens , R.J. , Smith , A.N. and Norris , P.M. 2005 . Measurement of Thermal Boundary Conductance of a Series of Metal-Dielectric Interfaces by the Transient Thermoreflectance Technique . Journal of Heat Transfer-Transactions of the ASME , 127 : 315 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter , M.D. , Bright , T.B. , Allara , D.L. and Chidsey , C.E.D. 1987 . Spontaneously Organized Molecular Assemblies .4. Structural Characterization of Normal-Alkyl Thiol Monolayers on Gold by Optical Ellipsometry, Infrared-Spectroscopy, and Electrochemistry . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 109 : 3559 – 3568 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn , J.W. , Smith , H.G. and Nicklow , R.M. 1973 . Lattice-Dynamics of Gold . Physical Review B , 8 : 3493 – 3499 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh , J.L.T. and Dolling , G. 1963 . Crystal Dynamics of Gallium Arsenide . Physical Review , 132 : 2410
   Google Scholar
• Wei , L.H. , Kuo , P.K. , Thomas , R.L. , Anthony , T.R. and Banholzer , W.F. 1993 . Thermal-Conductivity of Isotopically Modified Single-Crystal Diamond . Physical Review Letters , 70 : 3764 – 3767 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onn , D.G. , Witek , A. , Qiu , Y.Z. , Anthony , T.R. and Banholzer , W.F. 1992 . Some Aspects of the Thermal-Conductivity of Isotopically Enriched Diamond Single-Crystals . Physical Review Letters , 68 : 2806 – 2809 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony , T.R. , Banholzer , W.F. , Fleischer , J.F. , Wei , L.H. , Kuo , P.K. , Thomas , R.L. and Pryor , R.W. 1990 . Thermal-Diffusivity of Isotopically Enriched C-12 Diamond . Physical Review B , 42 : 1104 – 1111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berber , S. , Kwon , Y.K. and Tomanek , D. 2000 . Unusually High Thermal Conductivity of Carbon Nanotubes . Physical Review Letters , 84 : 4613 – 4616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingo , N. and Broido , D.A. 2005 . Carbon Nanotube Ballistic Thermal Conductance and Its Limits . Physical Review Letters , 95 : 096105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , P. , Shi , L. , Majumdar , A. and McEuen , P.L. 2001 . Thermal Transport Measurements of Individual Multiwalled Nanotubes . Physical Review Letters , 87 : 215502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu , C.H. , Shi , L. , Yao , Z. , Li , D.Y. and Majumdar , A. 2005 . Thermal Conductance and Thermopower of an Individual Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube . Nano Letters , 5 : 1842 – 1846 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , C.W. , Fennimore , A.M. , Afanasiev , A. , Okawa , D. , Ikuno , T. , Garcia , H. , Li , D.Y. , Majumdar , A. and Zettl , A. 2006 . Isotope Effect on the Thermal Conductivity of Boron Nitride Nanotubes . Physical Review Letters , 97 : 085901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi , T.Y. , Poulikakos , D. , Tharian , J. and Sennhauser , U. 2006 . Measurement of the Thermal Conductivity of Individual Carbon Nanotubes by the Four-Point Three-Omega Method . Nano Letters , 6 : 1589 – 1593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujii , M. , Zhang , X. , Xie , H.Q. , Ago , H. , Takahashi , K. , Ikuta , T. , Abe , H. and Shimizu , T. 2005 . Measuring the Thermal Conductivity of a Single Carbon Nanotube . Physical Review Letters , 95 : 065502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pop , E. , Mann , D. , Wang , Q. , Goodson , K. and Dai , H.J. 2006 . Thermal Conductance of an Individual Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube above Room Temperature . Nano Letters , 6 : 96 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , E. , Hao , L. , Gallop , J.C. and Macfarlane , J.C. 2005 . Ballistic Thermal and Electrical Conductance Measurements on Individual Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes . Applied Physics Letters , 87 : 023107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu , H.Y. , Deshpande , V.V. , Postma , H.W.C. , Lau , C.N. , Miko , C. , Forro , L. and Bockrath , M. 2005 . Ballistic Phonon Thermal Transport in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes . Physical Review Letters , 95 : 226101 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rego , L.G.C. and Kirczenow , G. 1998 . Quantized Thermal Conductance of Dielectric Quantum Wires . Physical Review Letters , 81 : 232 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab , K. , Henriksen , E.A. , Worlock , J.M. and Roukes , M.L. 2000 . Measurement of the Quantum of Thermal Conductance . Nature , 404 : 974 – 977 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar