References
- Ampudia-Renuncio, M., Guirao, B., & Molina-Sanchez, R. (2018). The impact of free-floating carsharing on sustainable cities: Analysis of first experiences in Madrid with the university campus. Sustainable Cities and Society, 43, 462–475. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.019
- Ampudia-Renuncio, M., Guirao, B., Molina-Sanchez, R., & Bragança, L. (2020). Electric free-floating carsharing for sustainable cities: Characterization of frequent trip profiles using acquired rental data. Sustainability, 12(3), 1248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031248
- Arnell, B., Noursalehi, P., Huntley, E., & Zhao, J. (2020). Shared electric scooters and transportation equity: A cross-city analysis. In: Transportation Research Board 99th Annual Meeting, January 12–16, Washington, D.C..
- AustinPublicHealth: Dockless electric scooter-related injuries study. (2019) http://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Health/Epidemiology/APH_Dockless_Electric_Scooter_Study_5-2-19.pdf.
- Becker, H., Ciari, F., & Axhausen, K. W. (2017). Comparing car-sharing schemes in Switzerland: User groups and usage patterns. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 97, 17–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.01.004
- Becker, S., & Rudolf, C. (2018). Exploring the potential of free cargo-bikesharing for sustainable mobility. GAIA – Ecological Perspectives for Science and Society, 27(1), 156–164. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14512/gaia.27.1.11
- Behrendt, F. (2018). Why cycling matters for electric mobility: Towards diverse, active and sustainable e-mobilities. Mobilities, 13(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2017.1335463
- Berg, J., Henriksson, M., & Ihlström, J. (2019). Comfort First! Vehicle-sharing systems in urban residential areas: The importance for everyday mobility and reduction of car use among pilot users. Sustainability, 11(9), 2521. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092521
- Boldrini, C., Bruno, R., & Conti, M. (2016). Characterising demand and usage patterns in a large station-based car sharing system. Proc. - IEEE INFOCOM, September, San Francisco, pp. 572–577. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOMW.2016.7562141
- Boor, S. (2019). Impacts of 4th generation bike-sharing (Master thesis). Delft University of Technology, Delft.
- Burghard, U., & Dütschke, E. (2019). Who wants shared mobility? Lessons from early adopters and mainstream drivers on electric carsharing in Germany. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 71, 96–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.11.011
- Cairns, S., Behrendt, F., Raffo, D., Beaumont, C., & Kiefer, C. (2017). Electrically-assisted bikes: Potential impacts on travel behaviour. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 103, 327–342. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.03.007
- Campbell, A. A., Cherry, C. R., Ryerson, M. S., & Yang, X. (2016). Factors influencing the choice of shared bicycles and shared electric bikes in Beijing. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 67, 399–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2016.03.004
- Dieten, R. J. (2015). Identifying preferences regarding carsharing systems using a stated choice experiment among car users to identify factors of influence (Master thesis). Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven.
- Diez, M. L. S. (2017). Which factors influence potential consumers to adopt to the new e-bike sharing system in their mobility behaviour? (Bachelor thesis). University of Twente, Enschede.
- Durand, A., Harms, L., Hoogendoorn-Lanser, S., & Zijlstra, T. (2018). Mobility-as-a-Service and changes in travel preferences and travel behaviour: A literature review. https://english.kimnet.nl/binaries/kimnetenglish/documents/documents-research-publications/2018/09/17/mobility-as-a-service-and-changes-in-travel-preferences-and-travel-behaviour-a-literature-review/Mobility-as-a-Service+and+changes+in+travel+preferences+and+travel+behaviour.pdf
- Firnkorn, J., & Müller, M. (2015). Free-floating electric carsharing-fleets in smart cities: The dawning of a post-private car era in urban environments? Environmental Science & Policy, 45, 30–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.09.005
- Fishman, E., Washington, S., & Haworth, N. (2013). Bike share: A synthesis of the literature. Transport Reviews, 33(2), 148–165. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2013.775612
- Guidon, S., Becker, H., Dediu, H., & Axhausen, K. W. (2019). Electric bicycle-sharing: A new competitor in the urban transportation market? An empirical analysis of transaction data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(4), 15–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119836762
- Haworth, N. L., & Schramm, A. (2019). Illegal and risky riding of electric scooters in Brisbane. Medical Journal of Australia, 211(9), 412–413. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50275
- He, Y., Song, Z., Liu, Z., & Sze, N. N. (2019). Factors influencing electric bike share ridership: Analysis of Park City, Utah. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2673(5), 12–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198119838981
- Hess, A. K., & Schubert, I. (2019). Functional perceptions, barriers, and demographics concerning e-cargo bike sharing in Switzerland. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 71, 153–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.013
- Hollingsworth, J., Copeland, B., & Johnson, J. X. (2019). Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8), 084031. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8
- Hu, S., Chen, P., Lin, H., Xie, C., & Chen, X. (2018). Promoting carsharing attractiveness and efficiency: An exploratory analysis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 65, 229–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.015
- INRIX. (2019). Micromobility potential in the US, UK and Germany https://www2.inrix.com/micromobility-study-2019.
- Jung, J., & Koo, Y. (2018). Analyzing the effects of car sharing services on the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Sustainability, 10(2), 539–517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020539
- Kabra, A., Belavina, E., & Girotra, K. (2019). Bike-share systems: Accessibility and availability. Management Science, 66(9), 3803–3824. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2555671
- Kaplan, S., Manca, F., Nielsen, T. A. S., & Prato, C. G. (2015). Intentions to use bike-sharing for holiday cycling: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Tourism Management, 47, 34–46. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.08.017
- Kaplan, S., Wrzesinska, D. K., & Prato, C. G. (2018). The role of human needs in the intention to use conventional and electric bicycle sharing in a driving-oriented country. Transport Policy, 71, 138–146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.09.010
- Kopp, J., Gerike, R., & Axhausen, K. W. (2015). Do sharing people behave differently? An empirical evaluation of the distinctive mobility patterns of free-floating car-sharing members. Transportation, 42(3), 449–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-015-9606-1
- Kramer, S., Hoffmann, C., Kuttler, T., & Hendzlik, M. (2014). Electric car sharing as an integrated part of public transport: Customers’ needs and experience. In: M. Hülsmann & D. Fornahl (Eds.), Evolutionary paths towards the mobility patterns of the future (pp. 101–112). Springer.
- Kruijf, J. D., Ettema, D., Kamphuis, C. B. M., & Dijst, M. (2018). Evaluation of an incentive program to stimulate the shift from car commuting to e-cycling in the Netherlands. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 74–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.06.003
- Lan, J., Mangalagiu, D., Ma, Y., Thornton, T. F., & Zhu, D. (2020). Modelling consumption behaviour changes in a B2C electric vehicle-sharing system: A perceived systemic risk perspective. Climate Change, 160, 655–669.
- Langford, B. C., Cherry, C. R., Bassett, D. R., Fitzhugh, E. C., & Dhakal, N. (2017). Comparing physical activity of pedal-assist electric bikes with walking and conventional bicycles. Journal of Transport & Health, 6, 463–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.06.002
- Liao, F., Molin, E., Timmermans, H., van Wee, B., & Wee, B. (2020). Van: Carsharing: The impact of system characteristics on its potential to replace private car trips and reduce car ownership. Transportation, 47(2), 935–970. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9929-9
- Liao, F., Molin, E., & van Wee, B. (2017). Consumer preferences for electric vehicles: A literature review. Transport Reviews, 37(3), 252–275. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1230794
- Lyons, G., Hammond, P., & Mackay, K. (2019). The importance of user perspective in the evolution of MaaS. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 121, 22–36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.010
- Ma, C., Zhou, J., Yang, D., Pan, F., & Fan, Y. (2020). Personal characteristics of e-bike riders and illegal lane occupation behavior. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020, Article ID: 1840975.
- MacArthur, J., Kobel, N., Dill, J., & Mumuni, Z. (2017). Evaluation of an electric bike pilot project at three employment campuses in Portland, Oregon (NITC-RR-564B). Transportation Research and Education Center (TREC), Portland, OR.
- Martin, E., & Shaheen, S. (2016). Impacts of Car2go on vehicle ownership, modal shift, vehicle miles traveled, and greenhouse gas emissions: An analysis of five North American cities. Transportation Sustainability Research Center, UC Berkeley.
- McKenzie, G. (2019). Spatiotemporal comparative analysis of scooter-share and bike-share usage patterns in Washington, D.C. Journal of Transport Geography, 78, 19–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.007
- Munkácsy, A., & Monzón, A. (2017). Impacts of smart configuration in pedelec-sharing: Evidence from a panel survey in Madrid. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2017, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4720627
- National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). (2019). Shared Micromobility in the U.S.: 2018. National Association of City Transportation Officials (NACTO). https://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/NACTO_Shared-Micromobility-in-2018_Web.pdf.
- Otero, I., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Rojas-Rueda, D. (2018). Health impacts of bike sharing systems in Europe. Environment International, 115, 387–394. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.04.014
- PBOT. (2019). 2018 E-scooter findings report. Portland Bureau of Transportation (PBOT). https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/709719
- Perboli, G., Ferrero, F., Musso, S., & Vesco, A. (2018). Business models and tariff simulation in car-sharing services. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 115, 32–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.09.011
- Populus. (2018). The micro-mobility revolution: The introduction and adoption of electric scooters in the United States. https://www.populus.ai/micro-mobility-2018-july.
- Rabbitt, N., & Ghosh, B. (2013). A study of feasibility and potential benefits of organised car sharing in Ireland. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 25, 49–58. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2013.07.004
- Romanillos, G., Moya-Gómez, B., Zaltz-Austwick, M., & Lamíquiz-Daudén, P. J. (2018). The pulse of the cycling city: Visualising Madrid bike share system GPS routes and cycling flow and cycling flow. Journal of Maps, 14(1), 34–43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2018.1438932
- Rycerski, P., Koutra, S., Genikomsakis, K. N., & Ioakimidis, C. S. (2016). A university survey with a comparative study of an E-bikes sharing system. EVS 2016 - 29th Int. Electr. Veh. Symp, Montreal, 1–11.
- Shaheen, S., & Cohen, A. (2019). Shared micromoblity policy toolkit: Docked and dockless bike and scooter sharing. UC Berkeley Transportation Sustainability Research Center. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7922/G2TH8JW7
- Shaheen, S. A., & Cohen, A. P. (2013). Carsharing and personal vehicle services: Worldwide market developments and emerging trends. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 7(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2012.660103
- Shen, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhao, J. (2018). Understanding the usage of dockless bike sharing in Singapore. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 12, 686–700. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2018.1429696
- Smith, C. S., & Schwieterman, J. P. (2018). E-Scooter scenarios: Evaluating the potential mobility benefits of shared dockless scooters in Chicago. DePaul University. https://las.depaul.edu/centers-and-institutes/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development/research-and-publications/Documents/E-ScooterScenariosMicroMobilityStudy_FINAL_20181212.pdf
- Sprei, F., Habibi, S., Englund, C., Pettersson, S., Voronov, A., & Wedlin, J. (2019). Free-floating car-sharing electrification and mode displacement: Travel time and usage patterns from 12 cities in Europe and the United States. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 71, 127–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.018
- Stradling, S. G., Meadows, M. L., & Beatty, S. (2000). Helping drivers out of their cars integrating transport policy and social psychology for sustainable change. Transport Policy, 7(3), 207–215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00026-3
- Trivedi, T. K., Liu, C., Antonio, A. L. M., Wheaton, N., Kreger, V., & Yap, A. (2019). Injuries associated with standing electric scooter use. JAMA Network Open, 2, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.7381
- Vasconcelos, A. S., Martinez, L. M., Correia, G. H. A., Guimarães, D. C., & Farias, T. L. (2017). Environmental and financial impacts of adopting alternative vehicle technologies and relocation strategies in station-based one-way carsharing: An application in the city of Lisbon. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 57, 350–362. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.08.019
- Wang, N., & Yan, R. (2016). Research on consumers’ use willingness and opinions of electric vehicle sharing: An empirical study in Shanghai. Sustainability, 8(1), 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010007
- Wang, Y., Yan, X., Zhou, Y., Xue, Q., & Sun, L. (2017). Individuals’ acceptance to free-floating electric carsharing mode: A web-based survey in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(5), Article ID: 476. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050476
- Wielinski, G., Trépanier, M., & Morency, C. (2017). Differences between electric and hybrid car use in a free floating carsharing system. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 11(3), 161–169. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.1220653
- Yoon, T., Cherry, C. R., & Jones, L. R. (2017). One-way and round-trip carsharing: A stated preference experiment in Beijing. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 53, 102–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.04.009
- Zarif, R., Pankratz, D., & Kelman, B. (2019). Small is beautiful – Making micromobility work for citizens, cities, and service providers. Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/us/articles/5000_small-is-beautiful/DI_Small-is-beautiful.pdf.
- Zoepf, S. M., & Keith, D. R. (2016). User decision-making and technology choices in the U.S. carsharing market. Transport Policy, 51, 150–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.01.010