Dockless electric scooters: A review of a growing micromobility mode

References

• 6t-bureau de recherche. (2019). Usages et usagers des trottinettes electriques en France, 158. https://6-t.co/en/free-floatingescooters-france/
   Google Scholar
• Aizpuru, M., Farley, K. X., Rojas, J. C., Crawford, R. S., Moore, T. J., & Wagner, E. R. (2019). Motorized scooter injuries in the era of scooter-shares: A review of the national electronic surveillance system. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(6), 1133–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.03.049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allem, J. P., & Majmundar, A. (2019). Are electric scooters promoted on social media with safety in mind? A case study on Bird's Instagram. Preventive Medicine Reports, 13(November 2018), 62–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Almannaa, M. H., Alsahhaf, F. A., Ashqar, H. I., Elhenawy, M., Masoud, M., & Rakotonirainy, A. (2021). Perception analysis of E-scooter riders and non-riders in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Survey outputs. Sustainability, 13(2), 863–822. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020863
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aman, J. J. C., Zakhem, M., & Smith-Colin, J. (2021). Towards equity in micromobility: Spatial analysis of access to bikes and scooters amongst disadvantaged populations. Sustainability, 13(21), 11856. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson-Hall, K., Bordenkircher, B., O’Neil, R., Scott, S. C., & Board, T. R. (2019). Governing micro-mobility: A nationwide assessment of electric scooter regulations, 18p. https://trid.trb.org/view/1572811
   Google Scholar
• Arias-Molinares, D., & Carlos Palomares-García, J. (2020). Shared mobility development as key for prompting Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in urban areas: The case of Madrid. Case Studies on Transport Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.05.017
   Google Scholar
• Atlanta Department of Transportation. (2019). Atlanta E-Scooter survey: 2019 results.
   Google Scholar
• Austin Public Health, & City of Austin. (2019, April). Dockless electric injuries study.
   Google Scholar
• Baek, K., Lee, H., Chung, J. H., & Kim, J. (2021). Electric scooter sharing: How do people value it as a last-mile transportation mode? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 90(December 2020), 102642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102642
   Google Scholar
• Bai, S., & Jiao, J. (2020). Dockless E-scooter usage patterns and urban built Environments: A comparison study of Austin, TX, and Minneapolis, MN. Travel Behaviour and Society, 20(January), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.04.005
   Google Scholar
• Bai, S., Jiao, J., Chen, Y., & Guo, J. (2021). The relationship between E-scooter travels and daily leisure activities in Austin, Texas. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 95(April), 102844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102844
   Google Scholar
• Beck, S., Barker, L., Chan, A., & Stanbridge, S. (2020). Emergency department impact following the introduction of an electric scooter sharing service. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 32(3), 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.13419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekhit, M. N. Z., Le Fevre, J., & Bergin, C. J. (2020). Regional healthcare costs and burden of injury associated with electric scooters. Injury, 51(2), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2019.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieliński, T., & Ważna, A. (2020). Electric scooter sharing and bike sharing user behaviour and characteristics. Sustainability, 12(22), 9640–9613. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229640
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigazzi, A., & Wong, K. (2020). Electric bicycle mode substitution for driving, public transit, conventional cycling, and walking. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, 102412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, M. B., Noorzad, A., Lin, C., Little, M., Lee, E. Y., Margulies, D. R., & Torbati, S. S. (2021). Standing electric scooter injuries: Impact on a community. American Journal of Surgery, 221(1), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.07.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolorunduro, O. B., Villegas, C., Oyetunji, T. A., Haut, E. R., Stevens, K. A., Chang, D. C., Cornwell, E. E., Efron, D. T., & Haider, A. H. (2011). Validating the Injury Severity Score (ISS) in different populations: ISS predicts mortality better among Hispanics and females. Journal of Surgical Research, 166(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2010.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A., Klein, N. J., Thigpen, C., & Williams, N. (2020). Impeding access: The frequency and characteristics of improper scooter, bike, and car parking. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 4, 100099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100099
   Google Scholar
• Butler, L., Yigitcanlar, T., & Paz, A. (2021). Barriers and risks of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) adoption in cities: A systematic review of the literature. Cities, 109(March 2020), 103036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103036
   Google Scholar
• Campisi, T., Skoufas, A., Kaltsidis, A., & Basbas, S. (2021). Gender equality and E-scooters: Mind the gap! A statistical analysis of the Sicily Region, Italy. Social Sciences, 10(10), 403. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10100403
   Google Scholar
• Cao, Z., Zhang, X., Chua, K., Yu, H., & Zhao, J. (2021). E-scooter sharing to serve short-distance transit trips: A Singapore case. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 147(June 2020), 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.004
   Google Scholar
• Caracol Radio. (2020, August 13). Grin trabaja en protocolos de bioseguridad para operar en Bogotá. https://caracol.com.co/emisora/2020/08/13/bogota/1597353507_201662.html
   Google Scholar
• Caspi, O., Noland, R. B., & Smart, M. J. (2020). Spatial associations of dockless shared e-scooter usage. Transportation Research. Part D, Transport and Environment, 86, 102396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Che, M., Lum, K. M., & Wong, Y. D. (2021). Users’ attitudes on electric scooter riding speed on shared footpath: A virtual reality study. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(2), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1718252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry, C. R. (2007). Electric two-wheelers in China: Analysis of environmental, safety, and mobility impacts. University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Christoforou, Z., Gioldasis, C., de Bortoli, A., & Seidowsky, R. (2021). Who is using e-scooters and how? Evidence from Paris. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92(January), 102708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102708
   Google Scholar
• Cicchino, J. B., Kulie, P. E., & McCarthy, M. L. (2021). Severity of e-scooter rider injuries associated with trip characteristics. Journal of Safety Research, 76(March 2019), 256–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.12.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• City of Austin Transportation Department. (2020). Shared micromobility vehicle trips. https://data.austintexas.gov/Transportation-and-Mobility/Shared-Micromobility-Vehicle-Trips/7d8e-dm7r
   Google Scholar
• City of Austin. (2019). Dockless mobility community survey report the city of Austin transportation department dockless mobility, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• City of Calgary. (2020, January). Electric Scooter Share Pilot, 1–343.
   Google Scholar
• City of Chicago. (2020). E-scooter trips - 2019 pilot. https://data.cityofchicago.org/Transportation/E-Scooter-Trips-2019-Pilot/2kfw-zvte
   Google Scholar
• City of Santa Monica. (2019, November). Shared mobility pilot program, 1–57. https://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/PCD/Transportation/SantaMonicaSharedMobilityEvaluation_Final_110419.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Civity Management Consultants. (2019). E-scooters in Germany: A data-driven contribution to the ongoing dabate. https://scooters.civity.de/en
   Google Scholar
• de Bortoli, A. (2021). Environmental performance of shared micromobility and personal alternatives using integrated modal LCA. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 93(February), 102743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102743
   Google Scholar
• de Bortoli, A., & Christoforou, Z. (2020). Consequential LCA for territorial and multimodal transportation policies: Method and application to the free-floating e-scooter disruption in Paris. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273, 122898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122898
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dediu, H. (2018). What is micromobility, how do we define it, and why is it disruptive? Micromobility Industries. https://micromobility.io/podcast/2-what-is-micromobility-and-why-is-it-disruptive
   Google Scholar
• Dediu, H. (2019). Can cars deliver micromobility? Micromobility Industries. https://micromobility.io/blog/can-cars-deliver-micromobility
   Google Scholar
• Dhillon, N. K., Juillard, C., Barmparas, G., Lin, T. L., Kim, D. Y., Turay, D., Seibold, A. R., Kaminski, S., Duncan, T. K., Diaz, G., Saad, S., Hanpeter, D., Benjamin, E. R., Tillou, A., Demetriades, D., Inaba, K., & Ley, E. J. (2020). Electric scooter injury in Southern California trauma centers. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 231(1), 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.02.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccarius, T., & Lu, C. C. (2020). Adoption intentions for micro-mobility – Insights from electric scooter sharing in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 84(April), 102327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102327
   Google Scholar
• English, K. C., Allen, J. R., Rix, K., Zane, D. F., Ziebell, C. M., Brown, C. V. R., & Brown, L. H. (2020). The characteristics of dockless electric rental scooter-related injuries in a large U.S. city. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21(7), 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2020.1804059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, K., Agrawal, A. W., Steele, J., Hunter, J. J., & Hooper, A. M. (2018). Where do riders park dockless, shared electric scooters? Findings from San Jose, California. Mineta Transportation Institute Publications, 1–5. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/mti_publications
   Google Scholar
• Faraji, F., Lee, J. H., Faraji, F., MacDonald, B., Oviedo, P., Stuart, E., Baxter, M., Vuong, C. L., Lance, S. H., Gosman, A. A., Castillo, E. M., & Hom, D. B. (2020). Electric scooter craniofacial trauma. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology, 5(3), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, C., & Jon, I. (2021). E-scooters: A new smart mobility option? The case of Brisbane, Australia. Planning Theory & Practice, 22(3), 368–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2021.1919746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitt, H., & Curl, A. (2019). E-scooter use in New Zealand: Insights around some frequently asked questions (Issue June). https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/16336
   Google Scholar
• Fitt, H., & Curl, A. (2020). The early days of shared micromobility: A social practices approach. Journal of Transport Geography, 86(June), 102779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102779
   Google Scholar
• Flores, P. J., & Jansson, J. (2021). The role of consumer innovativeness and green perceptions on green innovation use: The case of shared e-bikes and e-scooters. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(6), 1466–1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebhardt, L., Wolf, C., & Seiffert, R. (2021). “I’ll take the E‐scooter instead of my car”—The potential of E-scooters as a substitute for car trips in Germany. Sustainability, 13(13), 7361. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioldasis, C., Christoforou, Z., & Seidowsky, R. (2021). Risk-taking behaviors of e-scooter users: A survey in Paris. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 163(July), 106427 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106427
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gössling, S. (2020). Integrating e-scooters in urban transportation: Problems, policies, and the prospect of system change. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 79(January), 102230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102230
   Google Scholar
• Guo, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Understanding factors influencing shared e-scooter usage and its impact on auto mode substitution. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 99(August), 102991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102991
   Google Scholar
• Ham, S. W., Cho, J.-H., Park, S., & Kim, D.-K. (2021). Spatiotemporal demand prediction model for E-scooter sharing services with latent feature and deep learning. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2675(11), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211003896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haworth, N., Schramm, A., & Twisk, D. (2021a). Changes in shared and private e-scooter use in Brisbane, Australia and their safety implications. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 163(September), 106451 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106451
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haworth, N., Schramm, A., & Twisk, D. (2021b). Comparing the risky behaviours of shared and private e-scooter and bicycle riders in downtown Brisbane, Australia. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 152(December 2019), 105981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.105981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hietanen, S. (2014). Mobility as a Service’ – the new transport model? Eurotransport, 12(2), 2–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, J., Copeland, B., & Johnson, J. X. (2019). Are e-scooters polluters? The environmental impacts of shared dockless electric scooters. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8), 084031. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2da8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseinzadeh, A., Algomaiah, M., Kluger, R., & Li, Z. (2021a). E-scooters and sustainability: Investigating the relationship between the density of E-scooter trips and characteristics of sustainable urban development. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66(August 2020), 102624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102624
   Google Scholar
• Hosseinzadeh, A., Algomaiah, M., Kluger, R., & Li, Z. (2021b). Spatial analysis of shared e-scooter trips. Journal of Transport Geography, 92(August 2020), 103016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103016
   Google Scholar
• ITDP. (2019). The electric assist: Leveraging e-bikes and e-scooters for more livable cities.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., & Rose, G. (2013). Electric bikes: Cycling in the New World city: An investigation of Australian electric bicycle owners and the decision making process for purchase [Paper presentation]. Transport and the New World City: 36th Australasian Transport Research Forum (ATRF).
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi, L. M., Williams, E., Brown, C. V., Emigh, B. J., Bansal, V., Badiee, J., Checchi, K. D., Castillo, E. M., & Doucet, J. (2019). The e-merging e-pidemic of e-scooters. Trauma Surgery and Acute Care Open, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/tsaco-2019-000337
   Google Scholar
• Kondor, D., Zhang, X., Meghjani, M., Santi, P., Zhao, J., & Ratti, C. (2021). Estimating the potential for shared autonomous scooters. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2020.3047141
   Google Scholar
• Kopplin, C. S., Brand, B. M., & Reichenberger, Y. (2021). Consumer acceptance of shared e-scooters for urban and short-distance mobility. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 91(January), 102680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102680
   Google Scholar
• La Nación. (2020). Glovo y Movo dejan de prestar servicio de monopatines eléctricos en la ciudad y solo quedarán disponibles 200 unidades. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/glovo-movo-dejan-prestar-servicio-monopatines-electricos-nid2364818
   Google Scholar
• Lavoie-Gagne, O., Siow, M., Harkin, W., Flores, A. R., Girard, P. J., Schwartz, A. K., & Kent, W. T. (2021). Characterization of electric scooter injuries over 27 months at an urban level 1 trauma center. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 45, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2021.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, J., Pourquier, J. C., Feng, F., Hammel, H., & Shaheen, S. (2020). Micromobility evolution and expansion: Understanding how docked and dockless bikesharing models complement and compete – A case study of San Francisco. Journal of Transport Geography, 84(November 2019), 102620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102620
   Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Baek, K., Chung, J. H., & Kim, J. (2021). Factors affecting heterogeneity in willingness to use e-scooter sharing services. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92(February), 102751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102751
   Google Scholar
• Lime. (2019). Lime for a sustainable Paris. https://www.li.me/hubfs/Assets/LIME_ENG_ParisSustainabilityReport_11OCT2019_RGB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Los Angeles Department of Transportation. (2020). LADOT Year one Snapshot. Retrieved Febraury 28, 2022, from https://ladot.lacity.org/sites/default/files/documents/ladot-dockless-year-one-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Luo, H., Zhang, Z., Gkritza, K., & Cai, H. (2021). Are shared electric scooters competing with buses? a case study in Indianapolis. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 97(June), 102877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102877
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Yang, H., Ma, Y., Yang, D., Hu, X., & Xie, K. (2021). Examining municipal guidelines for users of shared E-Scooters in the United States. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92(January), 102710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102710
   Google Scholar
• Ma, Q., Yang, H., Mayhue, A., Sun, Y., Huang, Z., & Ma, Y. (2021). E-Scooter safety: The riding risk analysis based on mobile sensing data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 151(September 2020), 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105954
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacArthur, J., Dill, J., & Person, M. (2014). Electric bikes in North America: Results of an online survey. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2468(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.3141/2468-14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckenzie, G. (2019). Shared micro-mobility pa erns as measures of city similarity position paper. In Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Computing with Multifaceted Movement Data.
   Google Scholar
• McKenzie, G. (2019). Spatiotemporal comparative analysis of scooter-share and bike-share usage patterns in Washington, D.C. Journal of Transport Geography, 78(March), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.05.007
   Google Scholar
• Merlin, L. A., Yan, X., Xu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2021). A segment-level model of shared, electric scooter origins and destinations. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 92(February), 102709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102709
   Google Scholar
• Micromobility Industries. (2020). Scooter app report: September 2020. Prabin Joel Jones. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://micromobility.io/blog/2020/9/14/scooter-app-report-august-2020.
   Google Scholar
• Mitra, R., & Hess, P. M. (2021). Who are the potential users of shared e-scooters? An examination of socio-demographic, attitudinal and environmental factors. Travel Behaviour and Society, 23(July 2020), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Moftakhar, T., Wanzel, M., Vojcsik, A., Kralinger, F., Mousavi, M., Hajdu, S., Aldrian, S., & Starlinger, J. (2020). Incidence and severity of electric scooter related injuries after introduction of an urban rental programme in Vienna: A retrospective multicentre study. Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-020-03589-y
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery, B. N. (2010). Cycling trends and fate in the face of bus rapid transit: Case study of Jinan, Shandong Province, China. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2193(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.3141/2193-04
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. (2019). Scoot over: The growth of micromobility and electric scooters in the south. The Council of State Governments.
   Google Scholar
• Moran, M. E. (2021). Drawing the map: The creation and regulation of geographic constraints on shared bikes and e-scooters in San Francisco, CA. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 14(1), 197–218. https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2021.1816
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, M. E., Laa, B., & Emberger, G. (2020). Six scooter operators, six maps: Spatial coverage and regulation of micromobility in Vienna, Austria. Case Studies on Transport Policy, 8(2), 658–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2020.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhtar, M., Ashraf, A., Frank, M. S., & Steenburg, S. D. (2021). Injury incidence and patterns associated with electric scooter accidents in a major metropolitan city. Clin Imaging, 74(August 2020), 163–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2021.02.005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray, J., Administrator, F., Koo, I. S., Management, S., & Ii, A. (2020). Year one snapshot (Issue July).
   Google Scholar
• National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2019). Shared micromobility in 2018. National Association of City Transportation Officials, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• National Association of City Transportation Officials. (2020). Shared micromobility in the U.S.: 2019 | National Association of City Transportation Officials. National Association of City Transportation Officials, 29.
   Google Scholar
• Nawaro, Ł. (2021). E-scooters: Competition with shared bicycles and relationship to public transport. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 13(3), 614–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2021.1981336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nealer, R., Reichmuth, D., & Anair, D. (2015). Cleaner cars from cradle to grave: How electric cars beat gasoline cars on lifetime global warming emissions. Union of Concerned Scientists, 1–54. https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-report.pdf%0Ahttp://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nellamattathil, M., & Amber, I. (2020). An evaluation of scooter injury and injury patterns following widespread adoption of E-scooters in a major metropolitan area. Clinical Imaging, 60(2), 200–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2019.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikiforiadis, A., Paschalidis, E., Stamatiadis, N., Raptopoulou, A., Kostareli, A., & Basbas, S. (2021). Analysis of attitudes and engagement of shared e-scooter users. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 94(March), 102790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102790
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019). Real minimum wages. https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=RMW#
   Google Scholar
• Portland Bureau of Transportation. (2019). 2018 E-scooter findings report, 36p. https://www.portlandoregon.gov/transportation/article/709719%0Ahttps://trid.trb.org/view/1607260
   Google Scholar
• Puzio, T. J., Murphy, P. B., Gazzetta, J., Dineen, H. A., Savage, S. A., Streib, E. W., & Zarzaur, B. L. (2020). The electric scooter: A surging new mode of transportation that comes with risk to riders. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21(2), 175–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2019.1709176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reck, D. J., & Axhausen, K. W. (2021). Who uses shared micro-mobility services? Empirical evidence from Zurich, Switzerland. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 94(April), 102803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102803
   Google Scholar
• Reck, D. J., Haitao, H., Guidon, S., & Axhausen, K. W. (2021). Explaining shared micromobility usage, competition and mode choice by modelling empirical data from Zurich, Switzerland. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 124(June 2020), 102947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2020.102947
   Google Scholar
• Rejali, S., Aghabayk, K., Mohammadi, A., & Shiwakoti, N. (2021). Assessing a priori acceptance of shared dockless e-scooters in Iran. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 100(September), 103042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103042
   Google Scholar
• Riggs, W., Kawashima, M., & Batstone, D. (2021). Exploring best practice for municipal e-scooter policy in the United States. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 151(July), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2021.06.025
   Google Scholar
• Rix, K., Demchur, N. J., Zane, D. F., & Brown, L. H. (2021). Injury rates per mile of travel for electric scooters versus motor vehicles. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 40, 166–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.10.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, R. L., Branion-Calles, M., & Nelson, T. A. (2020). To scoot or not to scoot: Findings from a recent survey about the benefits and barriers of using E-scooters for riders and non-riders. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 139(June), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.07.009
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S., & Schwieterman, J. (2018). e-scooter scenarios: Evaluating the potential mobility benefits of shared dockless scooters in Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Secretaría de Movilidad. (2019). Encuesta de Movilidad 2019: Indicadores preliminares. Retrieved February 28, 2022, from https://www.movilidadbogota.gov.co/web/encuesta_de_movilidad_2019
   Google Scholar
• Severengiz, S., Finke, S., Schelte, N., & Forrister, H. (2020). Assessing the environmental impact of novel mobility services using shared electric scooters as an example. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2020.02.114
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen, S., & Cohen, A. (2019). Shared micromobility policy toolkit. UC Berkeley: Transportation Sustainability Research Center, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.7922/G2TH8JW7
   Google Scholar
• Sikka, N., Vila, C., Stratton, M., Ghassemi, M., & Pourmand, A. (2019). Sharing the sidewalk: A case of E-scooter related pedestrian injury. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 37(9), 1807.e5–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2019.06.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, M. (2020). India’s shift from mass transit to MaaS transit: Insights from Kochi. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 131(October 2019), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2019.09.037
   Google Scholar
• Smit, R. B., Graham, D. O., & Erasmus, J. (2021). E-scooter injuries referred to the oral and maxillofacial surgical service at Christchurch Hospital: A retrospective observational study and cost analysis of 17-months of data. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 59(4), 439–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stigson, H., Malakuti, I., & Klingegård, M. (2021). Electric scooters accidents: Analyses of two Swedish accident data sets. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 163(November 2020), 106466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2021.106466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tillemann, L., & Feasley, L. (2018). Let’s count the ways E-scooters could save the city. Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/e-scooter-micromobility-infographics-cost-emissions/
   Google Scholar
• Tuncer, S., Laurier, E., Brown, B., & Licoppe, C. (2020). Notes on the practices and appearances of e-scooter users in public space. Journal of Transport Geography, 85(May), 102702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102702
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of labor. (2019). State Minimum Wage Laws. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/minimum-wage/state
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, M., Dekker, P., Moro, A., Scholz, H., & Patel, M. K. (2015). On the electrification of road transportation - A review of the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 41, 348–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm, F., Ringhand, M., Englert, F., Hoffknecht, M., Edwards, T., & Matthias, R. (2021). Braking bad – Ergonomic design and implications for the safe use of shared. Safety Science, 140, 105294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohlin, C. (2014). Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering [Paper presentation]. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/2601248.2601268
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H., Ma, Q., Wang, Z., Cai, Q., Xie, K., & Yang, D. (2020). Safety of micro-mobility: Analysis of E-Scooter crashes by mining news reports. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 143(May), 105608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2020.105608
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Younes, H., Zou, Z., Wu, J., & Baiocchi, G. (2020). Comparing the temporal determinants of dockless scooter-share and station-based bike-share in Washington, D.C. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 134(August 2019), 308–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.02.021
   Google Scholar
• Zarif, R., Pankratz, D., & Kelman, B. (2019). Small is beautiful: Making micromobility work for citizens, cities, and service providers. The Deloitte Center for Integrated Research. Deloitte Insights. https://doi.org/10.1049/me:19900212
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, W., Buehler, R., Broaddus, A., & Sweeney, T. (2021). What type of infrastructures do e-scooter riders prefer? A route choice model. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 94(March), 102761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.102761
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., Ni, Y., & Zhou, S. (2018). Effects of dockless bike on modal shift in metro commuting: A pilot study in Shanghai. 20p.
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Z., Younes, H., Erdoğan, S., & Wu, J. (2020). Exploratory analysis of real-time E-scooter trip data in Washington, D.C. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2674(8), 285–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198120919760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar