182
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Exploring why girls don’t cycle to school: Student and parent/guardian focus group findings on barriers to cycling

&
Pages 184-194 | Received 15 Dec 2022, Accepted 29 Aug 2023, Published online: 14 Nov 2023

References

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
  • Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
  • Akar, G., Fischer, N., & Namgung, M. (2013). Bicycling choice and gender case study: The Ohio State University. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 7(5), 347–365. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2012.673694
  • Aldred, R., Elliott, B., Woodcock, J., & Goodman, A. (2017). Cycling provision separated from motor traffic: A systematic review exploring whether stated preferences vary by gender and age. Transport Reviews, 37(1), 29–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2016.1200156
  • Bird, E. L., Panter, J., Baker, G., Jones, T., Ogilvie, D., & Consortium, I. (2018). Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.05.014
  • Bopp, M., Kaczynski, A. T., & Besenyi, G. (2012). Active commuting influences among adults. Preventive Medicine, 54(3–4), 237–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.01.016
  • Broache, A. (2012). Perspectives on Seattle women’s decisions to bike for transportation [Unpublished thesis master’s degree]. University of Washington. https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/20790.
  • Buehler, R., & Pucher, J. (2021). Cycling for sustainable cities. MIT Press.
  • Central Statistics Office. (2016). Census of population 2016 – profile 6 commuting in Ireland. http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp6ci/p6cii/p6mtw/
  • Central Statistics Office. (2018). Census of population 2016 - profile 1 housing in Ireland. https://data.cso.ie/table/E1063
  • Central Statistics Office. (2020). Central statistics office - census 2016 small area population statistics. http://census.cso.ie/sapmap/
  • Christiansen, H., & Baescu, O. (2022). The Danish National Travel Survey - Annual Statistical Report. https://www.cta.man.dtu.dk/english/national-travel-survey/tu-publications
  • Cialdini, R. B., Kallgren, C. A., & Reno, R. R. (1991). A focus theory of normative conduct: A theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 201–234). Academic Press.
  • Citizens Information. (2019). Transition year. https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/primary_and_post_primary_education/going_to_post_primary_school/transition_year.html
  • Citizens Information. (2022). Overview of the Irish education system. https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/education/the_irish_education_system/overview_of_the_irish_education_system.html
  • Conner, M., Kirk, S. F. L., Cade, J. E., & Barrett, J. H. (2003). Environmental influences: Factors influencing a woman’s decision to use dietary supplements. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(6), 1978S–1982S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.6.1978S.
  • Craigie, A. M., Lake, A. A., Kelly, S. A., Adamson, A. J., & Mathers, J. C. (2011). Tracking of obesity-related behaviours from childhood to adulthood: A systematic review. Maturitas, 70(3), 266–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.08.005.
  • Dalton, A. (2016). Cycling experiences: Exploring social influence and gender perspectives [unpublished PhD thesis]. University of the West of England. https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/907288/cycling-experiences-exploring-social-influence-and-gender-perspectives.
  • Davies, D., Halliday, M., Mayes, M., & Pocock, R. (1997). Attitudes to cycling: A qualitative study and conceptual framework. Transport Research Laboratory Crowthorne.
  • de Haas, M., & Hamersma, M. (2021). Cycling facts: New insights, Netherlands. https://s23705.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Netherlands-Cycling-Facts-2020.pdf
  • Department of the Environment Climate and Communications. (2023). Climate Action Plan 2023. https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/7bd8c-climate-action-plan-2023/
  • Dill, J., & Gliebe, J. (2008). Understanding and measuring bicycling behavior: A focus on travel time and route choice. Final report OTREC-RR-08-03 prepared for Oregon Transportation Research and Education Consortium (OTREC). https://doi.org/10.15760/trec.151
  • Dill, J., Goddard, T., Monsere, C., & McNeil, N. (2014). Can protected bike lanes help close the gender gap in cycling? Lessons from five cities. Urban Studies and Planning Faculty Publications and Presentations. 123. http://archives.pdx.edu/ds/psu/16603
  • Egan, R., & Hackett, J. (2022). The social practice and regulation of cycling as" a boy’s thing" in Irish secondary schools. Active Travel Studies, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/v7pxu
  • Emond, C. R., & Handy, S. L. (2012). Factors associated with bicycling to high school: Insights from Davis, CA. Journal of Transport Geography, 20(1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.07.008
  • Emond, C. R., Tang, W., & Handy, S. L. (2009). Explaining gender difference in bicycling behavior (with discussion). Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2125(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3141/2125-03
  • Federal Statistical Office of Germany. (2022a). Persons in employment, by status in employment, distance, journey time, and means of transport used to get to work 2020 in %. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Labour-Market/Employment/Tables/commuter-1.html
  • Federal Statistical Office of Germany. (2022b). Pupils and students by distance, time required and means of transport used to get to school/university 2020 in %. https://www.destatis.de/EN/Themes/Labour/Labour-Market/Employment/Tables/commuter-2.html
  • Fitch, D. T., Rhemtulla, M., & Handy, S. L. (2019). The relation of the road environment and bicycling attitudes to usual travel mode to school in teenagers. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 123, 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.06.013
  • Frater, J. M. (2015). Influences on cycling to school among teenagers: An investigation using the theory of planned behaviour and the prototype willingness model in Christchurch, New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.26021/7763.
  • Frater, J., & Kingham, S. (2018). Gender equity in health and the influence of intrapersonal factors on adolescent girls’ decisions to bicycle to school. Journal of Transport Geography, 71, 130–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.07.011
  • Frater, J., & Kingham, S. (2020). Adolescents and bicycling to school: Does behaviour setting/place make a difference? Journal of Transport Geography, 85, 102724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102724
  • Frater, J., Kuijer, R., & Kingham, S. (2017). Why adolescents don’t bicycle to school: Does the prototype/willingness model augment the theory of planned behaviour to explain intentions? Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 46(Part A), 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2017.03.005
  • French, D. P., & Cooke, R. (2012). Using the theory of planned behaviour to understand binge drinking: The importance of beliefs for developing interventions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.2010.02010.x.
  • Garrard, J., Handy, S., & Dill, J. (2012). Women and cycling. In J. Pucher and R. Buehler (Eds.) City cycling (pp. 211–234). MIT press.
  • Ghekiere, A., Van Cauwenberg, J., Carver, A., Mertens, L., de Geus, B., Clarys, P., Cardon, G., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Deforche, B. (2016). Pyschosocial factors associated with children’s cycling for transport: A cross-sectional moderation study. Preventive Medicine, 86, 141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.03.001.
  • Government of Ireland. (2021). Climate Action Plan. https://assets.gov.ie/203558/f06a924b-4773-4829-ba59-b0feec978e40.pdf
  • Heesch, K. C., Sahlqvist, S., & Garrard, J. (2012). Gender differences in recreational and transport cycling: A cross-sectional mixed-methods comparison of cycling patterns, motivators, and constraints. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-106
  • Higgins, R., & Ahern, A. (2021). Students’ and parents’ perceptions of barriers to cycling to school - An analysis by gender. Sustainability, 13(23), 13213. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313213
  • Hopkins, D., & Mandic, S. (2017). Perceptions of cycling among high school students and their parents. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 11(5), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.1253803
  • Huertas-Delgado, F. J., Herrador-Colmenero, M., Villa-González, E., Aranda-Balboa, M. J., Cáceres, M. V., Mandic, S., & Chillón, P. (2017). Parental perceptions of barriers to active commuting to school in Spanish children and adolescents. European Journal of Public Health, 27(3), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw249
  • International Transport Forum. (2021). How serious are countries about decarbonising transport? https://www.itf-oecd.org/how-serious-are-countries-about-decarbonising-transport
  • Johnson, R., Frearson, M., Hewson, P. (2015). Can bicycle training for children increase active travel? In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering Sustainability, Thomas Telford Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1680/jensu.14.00067.
  • Kerr, J., Rosenberg, D., Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., & Conway, T. L. (2006). Active commuting to school: Associations with environment and parental concerns. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(4), 787–794. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000210208.63565.73
  • Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2015). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (5th ed.). SAGE.
  • Lajunen, T., & Räsänen, M. (2004). Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior and the Locus of Control. Journal of Safety Research, 35(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.09.020.
  • Larouche, R., Mammen, G., Rowe, D. A., & Faulkner, G. (2018). Effectiveness of active school transport interventions: A systematic review and update. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-5005-1.
  • Lois, D., Moriano, J. A., & Rondinella, G. (2015). Cycle commuting intention: A model based on theory of planned behaviour and social identity. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 32, 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.05.003
  • Mandic, S., García Bengoechea, E., Hopkins, D., Coppell, K., & Spence, J. C. (2022). Adolescents’ perceptions of walking and cycling to school differ based on how far they live from school. Journal of Transport & Health, 24, 101316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101316
  • Mandic, S., Hopkins, D., García Bengoechea, E., Flaherty, C., Williams, J., Sloane, L., Moore, A., & Spence, J. C. (2017). Adolescents’ perceptions of cycling versus walking to school: Understanding the New Zealand context. Journal of Transport & Health, 4(Supplement C), 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.10.007
  • McDonald, N. C., Yang, Y., Abbott, S. M., & Bullock, A. N. (2013). Impact of the safe routes to school program on walking and biking: Eugene, Oregon study. Transport Policy, 29, 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.06.007
  • Misra, A., Watkins, K., & Le Dantec, C. A. (2015). Socio-demographic influence on rider type self classification with respect to bicycling.
  • Molina-García, J., García-Massó, X., Estevan, I., & Queralt, A. (2019). Built environment, psychosocial factors and active commuting to school in adolescents: clustering a self-organizing map analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010083.
  • Norman, P., Conner, M., & Bell, R. (1999). The theory of planned behavior and smoking cessation. Health Psychology: Official Journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 18(1), 89–94. . https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.18.1.89
  • Official Statistics of Sweden. (2022, May 30). Travel survey.
  • Pang, B., Kubacki, K., & Rundle-Thiele, S. (2017a). Promoting active travel to school: A systematic review (2010–2016). BMC Public Health, 17(1), 638. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4648-2
  • Pang, B., Rundle-Thiele, S. R., & Kubacki, K. (2017b). An empirical examination of the ecological and cognitive active commuting framework: A social marketing formative research study. Health Education, 117(6), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2016-0066
  • Panter, J. R., Jones, A. P., van Sluijs, E. M., & Griffin, S. J. (2010). Attitudes, social support and environmental perceptions as predictors of active commuting behaviour in school children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 64(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.086918
  • Pucher, J., & Buehler, R. (2008). Making cycling irresistible: Lessons from the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany. Transport Reviews, 28(4), 495–528. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441640701806612
  • Ravensbergen, L. (2022). I wouldn’t take the risk of the attention, you know? Just a lone girl biking’: Examining the gendered and classed embodied experiences of cycling. Social & Cultural Geography, 23(5), 678–696. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2020.1806344
  • Twaddle, H., Hall, F., & Bracic, B. (2010). Latent bicycle commuting demand and effects of gender on commuter cycling and accident rates. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2190(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.3141/2190-04
  • UK Government. (2020). Statistical data set - Mode of travel available: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/nts03-modal-comparisons#mode-by-age-and-gender
  • Villa-González, E., Barranco-Ruiz, Y., Evenson, K. R., & Chillón, P. (2018). Systematic review of interventions for promoting active school transport. Preventive Medicine, 111, 115–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.02.010.
  • Woods, C., Powell, C., Saunders, J. A., O'Brien, W., Murphy, M. H., Duff, C., Farmer, O., Johnston, A., Connolly, S., & Belton, S. (2019). The children’s sport participation and physical activity study 2018 (CSPPA 2018).
  • Zhang, C.-Q., Zhang, R., Gan, Y., Li, D., & Rhodes, R. E. (2019). Predicting transport-related cycling in Chinese employees using an integration of perceived physical environment and social cognitive factors. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 64, 424–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.06.003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.