Structural Characteristics of the Aging Skin: A Review

REFERENCES

• Arias E. United States life tables, 2000. National vital statistics reports; vol 51 no 3. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Arias E. United States life tables, 2002. National vital statistics reports; vol 53 no 6. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Life expectancy will be 100. Feb 2006 [cited Feb 24, 2006]. Available from: http//www.news24.com/News24/Technology/News/0,2-13-1443_1885709,00.html
   Google Scholar
• Brincat MP, Baron YM, Galea R. Estrogens and the skin. Climateric 2005; 8: 110–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinot CG, Malvy DJM, Ambroisine L, Latreille J, Mauger E, Tenenhaus M, Morizot F. Relative contribution of intrinsic vs extrinsic factors to skin aging as determined by a validated skin age score. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 1454–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenske NA, Lober CW. Structural and functional changes of normal aging skin. J Amer Acad Derm 1986; 15: 571–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman O. Changes associated with the aging face. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2005; 13: 371–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCallion R, Li Wan Po A. Dry and photo-aged skin: manifestations and management. J Clin Pharm Ther 1993; 18: 15–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvell JD, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption and inflammation in aged skin: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1994; 194: 1015–1021.
   Google Scholar
• Kligman AM, Koblenzer C. Demographics and psychological implications for the aging population. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15: 549–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SM, Williams ML, Feingold KR., Elias PM. Pathobiology of the stratum corneum. West J Med 1993; 158: 279–285.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klaassen CD. ed. Casarett and Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1996:529–546.
   Google Scholar
• Monteiro-Riviere NA. Introduction to histological aspects of dermatotoxicology. Microsc Res Tech 1997; 37:171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees JL. The genetics of sun sensitivity in humans. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 75: 739–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latkowski JA, Freedberg, IM. Epidermal cell kinetics, Epidermal differentiation and keratinization. In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Fitzpatrick TB, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. Fifth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1999:133–143.
   Google Scholar
• Elias PM. Stratum corneum architecture, metabolic activity and interactivity with subjacent cell layers. Exp Dermatol 1996; 5: 191–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathias CG, Maibach HI. Perspectives in occupational dermatology. West J Med 1982; 137: 486–492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martini F. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin-Cummings, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Waller JM, Maibach HI. Age and skin structure and function, a quantitative approach II: blood flow, pH, thickness, and ultrasound echogenicity. Skin Res Technol 2005; 11: 221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neerken S, Lucassen GW, Bisschop MA, Lenderink E, Nuijs TAM. Characterization of age-related effects in human skin: a comparative study that applies confocal laser scanning microscopy and optical coherence tomography. J Biomed Opt 2004; 9: 274–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove GL. Physiologic changes in older skin. Clin Geriatr Med 1989; 5: 115–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med 1981; 135: 434–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oriba HA, Bucks DA, Maibach HI. Percutaneous absorption of hydrocortisone and testosterone on the vulva and forearm: effect of the menopause and site. Br J Dermatol 1996: 134:229–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter-Widmer J, Elsner P. Age and irritation. In: Agner T, Maibach H, eds. The Irritant Contact Dermatitis Syndrome. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 1996:257–265.
   Google Scholar
• Sauermann K, Jaspers S, Koop U, Wenck H. Topically applied vitamin C increases the density of dermal papillae in aged human skin. BMC Dermatology 2004; 4: 13–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips T, Kanj L. Clinicial manisfestations of skin aging. In: Squier C, Hill MW, eds. The Effect of Aging in Oral Mucosa and Skin. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1994:25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Fiers SA. Breaking the cycle: The etiology of incontinence dermatitis and evaluating and using skin care products. Ostomy Wound Manage 1996; 42: 32–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghadially R, Brown BE, Sequeira-Martin SM, Feingold KR, Elias PM. The aged epidermal permeability barrier. Structural, functional, and lipid biochemical abnormalities in humans and a senescent murine model. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 2281–2290.
   Google Scholar
• Berardesca E, Maibach HI. Transepidermal water loss and skin surface hydration in the non-invasive assessment of stratum corneum function. Dermatosen 1990; 38: 50–53.
   Google Scholar
• Sudel KM, Venzke K, Mielke H, Breitenbach U, Mundt C, Jaspers S, Koop U. Novel aspects of intrinsic and extrinsic aging of human skin: beneficial effects of soy extract. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81: 581–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan KO, Leffell DJ. Preoperative assessment of the elderly patient. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15: 583–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castelo-Branco C. Figueras F, Martinez de Osaba MJ, Varnell JA. Facial wrinkling in postmenopausal women. Effects of smoking status and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 1998; 29: 75–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner P, Wilhelm D, Maibach HI. Mechanical properties of human forearm and vulvar skin. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 607–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laube S, Farrell AN. Bacterial skin infections in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2002; 19: 331–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleiker TO, Graham-Brown RA. Diagnosing skin disease in the elderly. Practitioner 2000; 244: 974–981.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleischer ABJ. Pruritus in the elderly: management by senior dermatologists. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 28: 603–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter DM, Balin AK. Dermatological aspects of aging. Med Clin North Am 1983; 67: 531–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SPR, Abdullah A. Managing skin disease in elderly patients. Practioner 2004; 248: 100–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nedorot ST, Stevens SR. Diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin disorders in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2001; 18: 827–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisman M. A clinical look at the aging skin. Postgrad Med 1979; 66: 87–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick JE. Common inflammatory skin diseases of the elderly. Geriatrics 1989; 44: 40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew AL, Maibach HI, eds. Irritant Dermatitis. Berlin/Heidleberg: Springer, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Piaserico S, Larese F, Recchia GP, Corradin MT, Scardigli F, Gennaro F, Carriere C. Allergic contact sensitivity in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2004; 16: 221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smoker A. Skin care in old age. Nurs Stand 1999; 13: 47–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spencer SK, Kierland RR. The aging skin: problems and their causes. Geriatrics 1970; 25: 81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley C, Rustin MH. Management of irritable skin disorders in the elderly. Br J Hosp Med 1990; 44: 24–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall GK, Phillips TJ. Skin and hormone therapy. Clinc Obstet Gynecol 2004; 47: 437–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsner P, Maibach HI, eds. Cosmeceuticals and active cosmetics: drugs versus cosmetics, 2nd ed. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Holzer G, Riegler E, Hönigsmann H, Farokhnia S, Schmidt JB. Effects and side-effects of 2% progesterone cream on the skin of peri- and postmenopausal women; results from a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, randomized study. Br J Derm 2005; 153: 626–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisset DL, Miyamoto K, Sun P, Li J, Berge CA. Topical niacinamide reduces yellowing, wrinkling, red blotchiness and hyperpigmented spots in aging facial skin. Int J Cosmet Sci 2004; 26: 231–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Draelos ZD, Ertel K, Berge C. Niacinamide-containing facial moisturizer improves skin barrier and benefits subjects with rosacea. Cutis. 2005 76:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider TE, Barland C, Alex AM, Mancianti ML, Lu Y, Cleaver JE, Lawrence HJ. Measuring stem cell frequency in epidermis: a quantitative in vivo functional assay for long-term repopulating cells. PNAS 2003; 100: 11412–11417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint Leger, D, Francois AM, Leveque JL, Stoudemayer TJ, Grove GL, Kligman AM. Age-associated changes in stratum corneum lipids and their relation to dryness. Dermatologica 1988; 177: 159–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orenteich N, Selmanowitz VJ. Levels of biological functions with aging. Trans A Ad Sci Series 1969; B 31:992–1012.
   Google Scholar
• Boss GR, Seegmiller JE. Age-related physiological changes and their clinical significance. West J Med 1981; 135: 434–440.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baranoski S. Skin tears: the enemy of frail skin. Adv Skin Wound Care 2000; 13: 123–126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fletcher K. Skin: geriatric learning module. Medsurg Nurs 2005; 14: 138–142.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilchrest BA. Geriatric skin problems. Hosp Prac 1986; 21: 55, 59–65.
   Google Scholar
• Haroun MT. Dry skin in the elderly. Geriatrics & Aging 2003; 6: 41–44.
   Google Scholar