Mycotoxicosis – diagnosis, prevention and control: past practices and future perspectives

References

• Abdelhamid, A.M., et al., 1990. Effect of low level of dietary aflatoxins on Baladi rabbits. Archiv fur tierernahrung, 40 (5-6), 517–537.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. and Aly, S.E., 2003. Antioxidants and radical scavenging properties of vegetable extracts in rats fed aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 51 (8), 2409–2414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Wahhab, M.A. and Aly, S.E., 2005. Antioxidant property of Nigella sativa (black cumin) and Syzygium aromaticum (clove) in rats during aflatoxicosis. Journal of applied toxicology, 25 (3), 218–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., et al., 2007. Zizyphus spina-christi extract protects against aflatoxin B1 initiated hepatic carcinogenicity. African journal of traditional, complementary and alternative medicines, 4, 248–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Wahhab, MA, Abdel-Galil, MM, El-Lithey M. 2005. Melatonin counteracts oxidative stress in rats fed an ochratoxin A contaminated diet.J Pineal Res38, 130–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., Nada, S.A., and Amra, H.A., 1999. Effect of aluminosilicates and bentonite on aflatoxin-induced developmental toxicity in rat. Journal of applied toxicology, 19 (3), 199–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abidin, Z., and Khatoon, A., 2012. Ruminal microflora, mycotoxin inactivation by ruminal microflora and conditions favouring mycotoxicosis in ruminants: a review. International journal of veterinary science, 1 (1), 36–43.
   Google Scholar
• Abidin, Z., et al., 2013. Ameliorative effects of l-carnitine and vitamin E upon OTA induced haematological and serum biochemical alterations in white Leghorn cockerels. British poultry science, 54 (4), 471–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abidin, Z., et al., 2016. Protective effects of l-carnitine upon toxicopathological alterations induced by ochratoxin A in white Leghorn cockerels. Toxin reviews, 35 (3-4), 157–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abidin, Z., Khatoon, A., and Numan, M., 2011. Mycotoxins in broilers: pathological alterations induced by aflatoxins and ochratoxins, diagnosis and determination, treatment and control of mycotoxicosis. World's poultry science journal, 67 (03), 485–496.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, M.R. and Motarjemi, Y., 1999. Basic food safety for health workers. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Ademoyero, A.A. and Dalvi, R.R., 1983. Efficacy of activated charcoal and other agents in the reduction of hepatotoxic effects of a single dose of aflatoxin B1 in chickens. Toxicology letters, 16 (1-2), 153–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ademoyero, A.A. and Hamilton, P.B., 1991. Mouth lesions in broiler chickens caused by scirpenol mycotoxins. Poultry science, 70 (10), 2082–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alan, A.R., Blowers, A., and Earle, E.D., 2004. Expression of a magainin-type antimicrobial peptide gene (MSI-99) in tomato enhances resistance to bacterial speck disease. Plant cell reports, 22 (6), 388–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegakis, A.K., et al., 1999. Deactivation of mycotoxins. I. An in vitro study of zearalenone adsorption on new polymeric adsorbents. Journal of environmental science and health. Part B, pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes, 34 (4), 633–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alpsoy, L., Yildirim, A., and Agar, G., 2009. The antioxidant effects of vitamin A, C, and E on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. Toxicology and industrial health, 25 (2), 121–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anuradha, S.T., et al., 2008. Transgenic tobacco and peanut plants expressing a mustard defensin show resistance to fungal pathogens. Plant cell reports, 27 (11), 1777–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araba, M., and Wyatt, R.D., 1991. Effects of sodium bentonite, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate NovaSil™, and ethacal on aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens. Poultry science, 70, 6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atroshi, F., et al., 2000. Significance of apoptosis and its relationship to antioxidants after ochratoxin A administration in mice. Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences, 3 (3), 281–291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avantaggiato, G., Havenaar, R., and Visconti, A., 2004. Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by an in vitro gastrointestinal model, and the binding efficacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials. Food and chemical toxicology, 42 (5), 817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aydın, G., et al., 2003. Histopathologic changes in liver and renal tissues induced by Ochratoxin A and melatonin in rats. Human and experimental toxicology, 22, 383–391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon, C.W. and Hinton, D.M., 2007. Potential for control of seedling blight of wheat caused by Fusarium graminearum and related species using the bacterial endophyte Bacillus mojavensis. Biocontrol science and technology, 17 (1), 81–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R.H., et al., 1998. Efficacy of various inorganic sorbents to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. Poultry science, 77 (11), 1623–1630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldi, A., et al., 2004. Evaluation of the protective effects of alpha-tocopherol and retinol against ochratoxin A cytotoxicity. The British journal of nutrition, 91 (4), 507–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baptista, A.S., et al., 2004. The capacity of manno-oligosaccharides thermolysed yeast and active yeast to attenuate aflatoxicosis. World journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 20 (5), 475–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberis, C.L., et al., 2010. Food-grade antioxidants and antimicrobials to control growth and ochratoxin a production by Aspergillus section Nigri on peanut kernels. Journal of food protection, 73 (8), 1493–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basappa, S.C. and Shanta, T., 1996. Methods for detoxification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds: a critical appraisal. Journal of food technology, 33, 95–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, J., 1994. Moglichkeiten zur entgiftung mykotoxinhaltiger futtermittel. Monatsh veterinarmed, 49, 175–181.
   Google Scholar
• Beaver, R.W., et al., 1990. Distribution of aflatoxins in tissues of growing pigs fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet amended with a high affinity aluminosilicate sorbent. Veterinary and human toxicology, 32 (1), 16–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bejaoui, H., et al., 2004. Ochratoxin A removal in synthetic and natural grape juices by selected oenological Saccharomyces strains. Journal of applied microbiology, 97 (5), 1038–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, C.H., 2000. Fumigation in the 21st century. Crop protection, 19 (8-10), 563–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, E.M., et al., 2007. Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients. Animal feed science and technology, 137 (3-4), 265–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaney, B. J., 2001. Recent research on mycotoxins in Australia: chemistry, analytical methods and prevalence. In: Proceeding of 18th Conference Research Chemicals, Canberra, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Bonna, R.J., et al., 1991. Efficacy of hydrated sodium aluminosilicate and activated charcoal in reducing the toxicity of dietary aflatoxin to mink. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 20 (3), 441–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonrod, K., et al., 2004. Single-chain antibodies against a plant viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase confer virus resistance. Nature biotechnology, 22 (7), 856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch-Saadatmandi, C., et al., 2012. Ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity in liver (HepG2) cells: impact of serum concentration, dietary antioxidants and glutathione-modulating compounds. Journal of applied botany and food quality, 80, 179–186.
   Google Scholar
• Brandt, K., et al., 2005. Production of bread wheat: control of quality and safety in organic production chains. http://www.organichaccp.org
   Google Scholar
• Bricknell, L.K., Barry J.B., and Ng, J., 2008. Risk management for mycotoxin contamination of Australian maize. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, 342–350.
   Google Scholar
• Bricknell, L. K., NG, J. C., and Blaney, B. J., 2006. Introducing HACCP-based risk management for mycotoxin contamination in Australian maize. In: 6th terminal conference. Maize Association of Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Buck, W.B. and Bratich, P.M., 1986. Activated charcoal: preventing unnecessary death by poisoning. Veterinary medicine, 73–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno, D.J., et al., 2006. Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL 1224 as biological controls for Aspergillus flavus strains. Journal of food protection, 69 (10), 2544–2548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burmeister, H.R., Ciegler, A., and Vesonder, R.F., 1979. Moniliformin, a metabolite of Fusarium moniliforme NRRL 6322: purification and toxicity. Applied and environmental microbiology, 37 (1), 11–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursian, S.J., et al., 1992. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate in reducing the toxicity of dietary zearalenone to mink. Journal of applied toxicology, 12 (2), 85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAC (Codex Alimentarius Commission), 2003. Code of practice for the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals, including annexes on ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and tricothecenes. FAO/WHO Food Standards, viewed 6 January 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Carlos, A.M., et al., 2004. Mycotoxins mechanisms of toxicity and methods of detection for identifying exposed individuals. Journal of land use, 19, 537–549.
   Google Scholar
• Carson, M.S. and Smith, T.K., 1983. Role of bentonite in prevention of T-2 toxicosis in rats. Journal of animal science, 57 (6), 1498–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cary, J.W., et al., 2000. Transgenic expression of a gene encoding a synthetic antimicrobial peptide results in inhibition of fungal growth in vitro and in plants. Plant science, 153, 171–180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakrabarti, A., et al., 2003. MSI-99, a magainin analogue, imparts enhanced disease resistance in transgenic tobacco and banana. Planta, 216 (4), 587–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty, D. and Verma, R., 2010. Ameliorative effect of Emblica officinalis aqueous extract on ochratoxin-induced lipid peroxidation in the kidney and liver of mice. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health, 23 (1), 63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan, Y., Wright, G., and Rachaputi, N., 2006. Modelling mycotoxin contamination in maize. In: Water to gold 6th triennial conference of the Maize Association of Australia, Griffith, Australia. Maize Association of Australia
   Google Scholar
• Chu, F. S., 1991. Detection and determination of mycotoxins, In: RP Sharma and DK Salunkhe, eds. Mycotoxins and phytoalexins. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 33–79
   Google Scholar
• Colvin, B.M., et al., 1989. Effect of a high affinity aluminosilicate sorbent on prevention of aflatoxicosis in growing pigs. Veterinary and human toxicology, 31 (1), 46–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conner, M.W., et al., 1986. Toxicity of anguidine in mice. Fundamental and applied toxicology, 7 (1), 153–164.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corcuera, L.A., et al., 2012. A polyphenol-enriched cocoa extract reduces free radicals produced by mycotoxins. Food and chemical toxicology, 50 (3-4), 989–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsetti, A., et al., 1998. Antimould activity of sourdough lactic acid bacteria: identification of a mixture of organic acids produced by Lactobacillus sanfrancisco CB1. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 50 (2), 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, S., et al., 2007. Catechins: natural free-radical scavengers against ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1). Food and chemical toxicology, 45 (10), 1910–1917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalvi, R.R., and Ademoyero, A.A., 1984. Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in chickens given feed contaminated with Aspergillus flavus and reduction of the toxicity by activated charcoal and some chemical agents. Avian diseases, 28 (1), 61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, J.N., et al., 1987. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate decrease the bioavailability of aflatoxin in the chicken. Poultry science, 66, 89.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, W.J., and Corby, D.G., 1980. Activated charcoal adsorbs aflatoxin B1. Veterinary and human toxicology, 22 (6), 388–389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degray, G., et al., 2001. Expression of an antimicrobial peptide via the chloroplast genome to control phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. Plant physiology, 127 (3), 852–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Giacomo, C., et al., 2007. Protective effect of cyanidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside on ochratoxin A-mediated damage in the rat. The British journal of nutrition, 98 (5), 937–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, G.J., et al., 1994. Individual and combined effects of T-2 toxin and DAS in laying hens. British poultry science, 35 (3), 393–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz, G.J., Ariza, D. and Perilla, N.S., 2004. Method validation for the determination of ochratoxin A in green and soluble coffee by immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography. Mycotoxin research, 20, 59–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doerr, J.A., 1989. Effect of aluminosilicate on broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis. Poultry science, 68, 45.
   Google Scholar
• Doerr, J.A., et al., 1974. A survey of T-2 toxin, ochratoxin, and aflatoxin for their effects on the coagulation of blood in young broiler chickens. Poultry science, 53 (5), 1728–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doll, S., et al., 2005. The efficacy of a modified aluminosilicate as a detoxifying agent in Fusarium toxin contaminated maize containing diets for piglets. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 89 (9-10), 342–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPI&F., 2005a. Grain storage- basic design principles. Available from: http://storedgrain.com.au/grain-storage-basic-design-principles-dpif-note/ [Accessed 2 April 2006].
   Google Scholar
• DPI&F., 2005b. Grain storage - insect control in stored grain, The State of Queensland (Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries) [Accessed 10 April 2006].
   Google Scholar
• Dvorak, M. 1989. Ability of bentonite and natural zeolite to absorb aflatoxin from liquid media. Veterinary medicine, 34, 307–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, M.R., et al., 1997. Effects of inorganic adsorbents and cyclopiazonic acid in broiler chickens. Poultry science, 76 (8), 1141–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edrington, T.S., et al., 1996. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate HSCAS, acidic HSCAS, and activated charcoal reduce urinary excretion of aflatoxin M1 in turkey poults. Lack of effect by activated charcoal on aflatoxicosis. Toxicology letters, 89 (2), 115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edrington, T.S., et al., 1997. Influence of a superactivated charcoal on the toxic effects of aflatoxin or T-2 toxin in growing broilers. Poultry science, 76 (9), 1205–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egmond, H.P.V. and Paulsch, W.E., 1986. Determination of mycotoxins. Pure and applied chemistry, 58 (2), 315–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nekeety, A.A., et al., 2011. Antioxidant properties of Thymus vulgaris oil against aflatoxin-induce oxidative stress in male rats. Toxicon, 57 (7-8), 984–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nezami, H., et al., 1998. Ability of dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria to bind a common food carcinogen, aflatoxin B1. Food and chemical toxicology, 36 (4), 321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nezami, H., et al., 2002a. Binding rather than metabolism may explain the interaction of two food-grade Lactobacillus strains with zearalenone and its derivative (0) alpha-zearalenol. Applied and environmental microbiology, 68 (7), 3545–3549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nezami, H.S., et al., 2002b. Removal of common Fusarium toxins in vitro by strains of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium. Food additives and contaminants, 19 (7), 680–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eppley, R.M., 1975. Methods for the detection of trichothecenes. Journal-association of official analytical chemists, 58 (5), 906–907.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Espada, Y., et al., 1997. Fumonisin mycotoxicosis in broilers: plasma proteins and coagulation modifications. Avian diseases, 41 (1), 73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO. 1991. Food nutrition and agriculture – food for the future. No 1. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/U3550t/u3550t00.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fan, T.S.L., Zhang, G.S., and Chu, F.S., 1984. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for T-2 toxin in biological fluids. Journal of food protection, 47 (12), 964–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faucet-Marquis, et al., 2006. Evidence of a new dechlorinated ochratoxin A derivative formed in opossum kidney cell cultures after pretreatment by modulators of glutathione pathways: correlation with DNA‐adduct formation. Molecular nutrition and food research, 50 (6), 530–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores, C.M., Domínguez, J.M., and Díaz-De-León, J., 1999. Modeling and experimental comparison of the differential adsorption of B1 and G1 aflatoxins on mineral aluminosilicate surfaces. Journal of environmental pathology, toxicology and oncology, 18 (3), 213–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fremy, J.M. and Usleber, E., 2003. Policy on characterization of antibodies used in immunochemical methods of analysis for mycotoxins and phycotoxins. Journal of AOAC international, 86 (4), 868–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend, D.W., et al., 1984. Effect of adding potential vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) detoxicants or a F. graminearum inoculated corn supplement to wheat diets fed to pigs. Canadian journal of animal science, 64 (3), 733–741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, S., et al., 2008. Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria. Food and chemical toxicology, 46 (4), 1398–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukal, L., et al., 1990. The effect of a high aflatoxin B1 concentration in feed on the weights of organs and strength of bones in grown-up chickens. Bio chem vet, 26, 187–191.
   Google Scholar
• Fusi, E., et al., 2010. Alpha-tocopherol counteracts the cytotoxicity induced by ochratoxin a in primary porcine fibroblasts. Toxins, 2 (6), 1265–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galey, F.D., et al., 1987. Therapeutic efficacy of superactive charcoal in rats exposed to oral lethal doses of T-2 toxin. Toxicon, 25 (5), 493–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvano, F., et al., 1997. Activated carbons. In vitro affinity for fumonisin B1 and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. Journal of food protection, 60 (8), 985–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvano, F., et al., 1998. Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. Journal of food protection, 61 (4), 469–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gedek, B., 1980. Kompendium der medizinische mykologie (p.395). Berlin und Hamburg: Verlag Paul Parey.
   Google Scholar
• Gowda, N.K., et al., 2009. Antioxidant efficacy of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) powder in broiler chickens fed diets containing aflatoxin B1. The British journal of nutrition, 102 (11), 1629–1634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenway, J.A. and Puls, R., 1976. Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. I. Natural occurrence and diagnosis. Canadian journal of comparative medicine, 40 (1), 12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grosse, Y., et al., 1997. Retinol, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol prevent DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Cancer letters, 114 (1-2), 225–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra, M.C., et al., 2005. Cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside, a natural free-radical scavenger against aflatoxin B1- and ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2). British journal of nutrition, 94 (02), 211–220.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagler, W. M., JR. 1991. Potential for detoxification of mycotoxin-contaminated commodities. In: GA Bray and DH Ryan, eds. Mycotoxins, cancer and health (Pennington Center Nutrition Series). Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 253–269.
   Google Scholar
• Halasz, A., et al., 2009. Decontamination of mycotoxin-contaminating food and feed by biodegradation. Food reviews international, 25 (4), 284–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, R. B., et al., 1989. Prevention of clinical signs of aflatoxicosis with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate added to diets, Proceedings of the 20th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Swine Practitioners, Des Moines, Iowa, 99–102.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, R.B., et al., 1991. Diminution of aflatoxin toxicity to growing lambs by dietary supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. American journal of veterinary research, 52 (1), 152–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, R.B., et al., 1993. Efficacy of zeolitic ore compounds on the toxicity of aflatoxin to growing broiler chickens. Avian diseases, 37 (1), 67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haschek, W.M., et al., 1992. Characterization of fumonisin toxicity in orally and intravenously dosed swine. Mycopathologia, 117, 83–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatch, R.C., et al., 1982. Induced acute aflatoxicosis in goats: treatment with activated charcoal or dual combinations of oxytetracycline, stanozolol, and activated charcoal. American journal of veterinary research, 43 (4), 644–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A.W., 1981. Mycotoxin teratogenecity and mutagenicity. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, M.A. and Schiefer, H.B., 1979. Quantitative and morphological aspects of cutaneous irritation by trichothecene mycotoxins. Food and cosmetics toxicology, 17 (6), 611–613621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedman, R., et al., 1995. Effects of feeding nivalenol-contaminated diets to male broiler chickens. Poultry science, 74, 620–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiatt, E.E., Hill, N.S., and Hiatt, E.N., 2001. Monoclonal antibodies incorporated into Neotyphodium coenophialum fungal cultures: inhibition of fungal growth and stability of antibodies. Fungal genetics and biology, 33 (2), 107–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehler, D., and Marquardt, R.R., 1996. Influence of vitamins E and C on the toxic effects of ochratoxin A and T-2 toxin in chicks. Poultry science, 75 (12), 1508–1515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Z.Q., et al., 2008. Antibody-mediated prevention of Fusarium mycotoxins in the field. International journal of molecular sciences, 9 (10), 1915–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebner, H.J., et al., 1999. Molecular characterization of high affinity, high capacity clays for the equilibrium sorption of ergotamine. Food additives and contaminants, 16 (4), 159–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff, W.E., et al., 1988. Mycotoxin interactions in poultry and swine. Journal of animal science, 66 (9), 2351–2355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huff, W.E., et al., 1992. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the individual and combined toxicity of aflatoxin and ochratoxin A. Poultry science, 71 (1), 64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundhausen, C., et al., 2005. Effect of vitamin E and polyphenols on ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity in liver (HepG2) cells. Journal of plant physiology, 162 (7), 818–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huwig, A., et al., 2001. Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicology letters, 122 (2), 179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeswal, P., 1998. Antidotal effect of grape juice (Vitis vinifera) on ochratoxin A caused hepatorenal carcinogenesis in mice (Mus musculus). Cytobios, 93 (373), 123–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jobling, S.A., et al., 2003. Immunomodulation of enzyme function in plants by single-domain antibody fragments. Nature biotechnology, 21 (1), 77–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph, G.S., et al., 2005. Antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activities of Garcinia extracts. International journal of food microbiology, 101 (2), 153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jun, H.S., Kim, S.E., and Sung, M.K., 2002. Protective effect of soybean saponins and major antioxidants against aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity and DNA-adduct formation. Journal of medicinal food, 5 (4), 235–240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaaya, A.N., et al., 2005. The effect of delayed harvest on moisture content, insect damage, moulds and aflatoxin contamination of maize in Mayuge district of Uganda. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 85 (15), 2595–2599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kells, S.A., et al., 2001. Efficacy and fumigation characteristics of ozone in stored maize. Journal of stored products research, 37 (4), 371–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensler, T.W., et al., 1985. Modification of aflatoxin B1 binding to DNA in vivo in rats fed phenolic antioxidants, ethoxyquin and a dithiothione. Carcinogenesis, 6 (5), 759–763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatoon, A., et al., 2013. Amelioration of ochratoxin A-induced immunotoxic effects by silymarin and vitamin E in white leghorn cockerels. Journal of immunotoxicology, 10 (1), 25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J.H., et al., 2008. Elucidation of the functional genomics of antioxidant-based inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis. International journal of food microbiology, 122 (1-2), 49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitchen, D.N., Carlton, W.W., and Tuite, J., 1977. Ochratoxin A and citrinin induced nephrosis in beagle dogs I. Clinical and clinicopathological features. Veterinary pathology, 14 (2), 154–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1988. Modulation of aflatoxicosis in growing chickens by dietary addition of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Poultry science, 67, 106.
   Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1990. Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin. Poultry science, 69 (7), 1078–1086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1991. Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates on growing turkey poults during aflatoxicosis. Poultry science, 70 (8), 1823–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1993. Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin and diacetoxyscirpenol. Poultry science, 72 (1), 51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1994. Influence of ochratoxin A and diacetoxyscirpenol singly and in combination on broiler chickens. Poultry science, 73 (3), 408–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubena, L.F., et al., 1998. Effects of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate T-Bind™ on mycotoxicosis in young broiler chickens. Poultry science, 77 (10), 1502–1509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., et al., 2007. Evaluation of Chenopodium ambrosioides oil as a potential source of antifungal, antiaflatoxigenic and antioxidant activity. International journal of food microbiology, 115 (2), 159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutz, R.E., et al., 2009. Efficacy of Solis, Novasil Plus, and MTB-100 to reduce aflatoxin M1 levels in milk of early to mid lactation dairy cows fed aflatoxin B1. Journal of dairy science, 92 (8), 3959–3963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledoux, D.R., et al., 1995. Effects of feeding Fusarium fujikuroi culture material, containing known levels of moniliformin, in young broiler chicks. Poultry science, 74 (2), 297–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledoux, D.R., et al., 1999. Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry science, 78 (2), 204–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemke, S.L., Grant, P.G., and Phillips, T.D., 1998. Adsorption of zearalenone by organophilic montmorillonite clay. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 46 (9), 3789–3796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Q.Q., et al., 2001. Enhanced disease resistance conferred by expression of an antimicrobial magainin analog in transgenic tobacco. Planta, 212 (4), 635–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann, M.D., et al., 1989. Evaluation of potential ameliorators of aflatoxicosis in weanling/growing swine. Journal of animal science, 67, 36.
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann, M.D., et al., 1993. Potential ameliorators of aflatoxicosis in weanling/growing swine. Journal of animal science, 71 (1), 171–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.L., et al., 1988. Protection by 5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiol-3-thione (oltipraz) against the hepatotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in the rat. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 93 (3), 442–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzana, R.M., et al., 1985. Experimental T-2 toxicosis in swine. I. Changes in cardiac output, aortic mean pressure, catecholamines, 6-keto-PGF thromboxane B2, and acid-base parameters. Fundamental and applied toxicology, 5 (5), 879–892.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ma, J.K.C., et al., 2005. Molecular farming for new drugs and vaccines: current perspectives on the production of pharmaceuticals in transgenic plants. EMBO reports, 6 (7), 593–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malekinejad, H., Farshid, A.A., and Mirzakhani, N., 2011. Liquorice plant extract reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology, 63 (1-2), 125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel, H.G., et al., 1987. Metabolic basis for the protective effect of the antioxidant ethoxyquin on aflatoxin B1 hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. Cancer research, 47 (19), 5218–5223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maragos, C., 2009. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay of mycotoxins: a review. Toxins, 1 (2), 196–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marasas, W.F.O., et al., 1969. Toxic effects on trout, rats, and mice of T-2 toxin produced by the fungus Fusarium tricinctum (Cd.) Snyd. et Hans. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 15 (2), 471–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marı́n, S., et al., 2000. Selective effect of propionates on maize mycoflora and impact on fumonisin B1 accumulation. Journal of stored products research, 36 (2), 203–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marth, E.H. and Doyle, M.P., 1979. Update on molds: degradation of aflatoxin. Food technology, 33, 81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masimango, N., et al., 1978. The role of adsorption in the elimination of aflatoxin B1 from contaminated media. European journal of applied microbiology and biotechnology, 6 (1), 101–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckenzie, K.S., et al., 1997. Oxidative degradation and detoxification of mycotoxins using a novel source of ozone. Food and chemical toxicology, 35 (8), 807–820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meki, A.R.M. and Hussein, A.A., 2001. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress induced by ochratoxin A in rat liver and kidney. Comparative biochemistry and physiology: toxicology and pharmacology, 130 (3), 305–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miazzo, R., et al., 2000. Efficacy of synthetic zeolite to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxin in broiler chicks. Poultry science, 79 (1), 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miceli, A., et al., 2003. Polyphenols, resveratrol, antioxidant activity and ochratoxin A contamination in red table wines, controlled denomination of origin (DOC) wines and wines obtained from organic farming. Journal of wine research, 14 (2-3), 115–120.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhara, I., et al., 2006. Corn as a source of antifungal genes for genetic engineering of crops for resistance to aflatoxin contamination. Plant biotechnology, 23, 63–69.
   Google Scholar
• Mombelli, B. and Gismondo, M.R., 2000. The use of probiotics in medical practice. International journal of antimicrobial agents, 16 (4), 531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, C.M., et al., 1999. The individual and combined effects of feeding moniliformin, supplied by Fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and deoxynivalenol in young turkey poults. Poultry science, 78 (8), 1110–1115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkvold, G.P., 2003. Epidemiology of Fusarium diseases and their mycotoxins in maize ears. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 109, 705–713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naaz, F., Javed, S., and Abdin, M.Z., 2007. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Phyllanthus amarus Schum. et Thonn. on aflatoxin B1-induced liver damage in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 113 (3), 503–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano, A., et al., 2007. Natural occurrence of ochratoxin A and antioxidant activities of green and roasted coffees and corresponding byproducts. Poultry science, 78, 1110–1115.
   Google Scholar
• Natour, R.M. and Yousef, S.M., 1998. Adsorption efficiency of diatomaceous earth for mycotoxin. Arab Gulf journal of scientific research, 16, 113–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesci, A., Ferrari, L., and Etcheverry, M., 2008. Effect of synthetic antioxidants on stored maize grain mycoflora in situ. Journal of the science of food and agriculture, 88 (5), 797–804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesci, A., Rodriguez, M., and Etcheverry, M., 2003. Control of Aspergillus growth and aflatoxin production using antioxidants at different conditions of water activity and pH. Journal of applied microbiology, 95 (2), 279–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickel, H., et al., 2008. Plantibody-mediated inhibition of the Potato leafroll virus P1 protein reduces virus accumulation. Virus research, 136 (1-2), 140–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nourozian, J., Etebarian, H.R., and Khodakaramianm, G., 2006. Biological control of Fusarium graminearum on wheat by antagonistic bacteria. Songklanakarin journal of science and technology, 28, 29–38.
   Google Scholar
• Ozçelik, N., Soyöz, M., and Kilinç, I., 2004. Effects of ochratoxin A on oxidative damage in rat kidney: protective role of melatonin. Journal of applied toxicology, 24 (3), 211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palabiyik, S.S., et al., 2013. Protective effect of lycopene against ochratoxin A induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis in rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology, 65 (6), 853–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palyusik, M. and Koplik-Kovacs, E., 1975. Effect on laying geese of feeds containing the fusariotoxins T2 and F2. Acta veterinaria academiae scientiarum hungaricae, 25 (4), 363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parlat, S.S., Yildiz, A.O. and Oguz, H., 1999. Effect of clinoptilolite on performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) during experimental aflatoxicosis. British poultry science, 40, 495–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patharajan, S., et al., 2011. Potential of yeast antagonists on in vitro biodegradation of ochratoxin A. Food control, 22 (2), 290–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, R. and Young, L.G., 1993. Efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates, screening and dilution in reducing the effects of mold contaminated corn in pigs. Canadian journal of animal science, 73 (3), 615–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltonen, K., et al., 2001. Aflatoxin B1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Journal of dairy science, 84 (10), 2152–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, A.M., et al., 2007. Effeito imediato e latente da fumigacao com ozonio na qualidade dos graos de milho. Revista Brasileira de Armazenamento, 32, 100–110.
   Google Scholar
• Peschen, D., et al., 2004. Fusion proteins comprising a Fusarium-specific antibody linked to antifungal peptides protect plants against a fungal pathogen. Nature biotechnology, 22 (6), 732–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, T.D., et al., 1988. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate: a high affinity sorbent for aflatoxin. Poultry science, 67 (2), 243–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, T.D., et al., 1990. Detection and detoxification of aflatoxins: prevention of aflatoxicosis and aflatoxin residues with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate. Veterinary and human toxicology, 32, 15–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pineiro, M., 2001. Manual on the application of the HACCP system in mycotoxin prevention and control. vol. 73. Food & Agriculture Org.
   Google Scholar
• Pool-Zobel, B.L., Münzner, R., and Holzapfel, W.H., 1993. Antigenotoxic properties of lactic acid bacteria in the S. typhimurium mutagenicity assay. Nutrition and cancer, 20 (3), 261–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pool-Zobel, B.L., et al., 1996. Lactobacillus and bifidobacterium-mediated antigenotoxic in the colon of rats. Nutrition and cancer, 26 (3), 365–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poppenga, R.H., et al., 1987. The assessment of a general therapeutic protocol for the treatment of acute T-2 toxicosis in swine. Veterinary and human toxicology, 29 (3), 237–239.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prakash, B., et al., 2010. Efficacy of chemically characterized Piper betle L. essential oil against fungal and aflatoxin contamination of some edible commodities and its antioxidant activity. International journal of food microbiology, 142 (1-2), 114–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash, B., et al., 2011. Efficacy of chemically characterized Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil as an antioxidant and a safe plant based antimicrobial against fungal and aflatoxin B 1 contamination of spices. Food research international, 44 (1), 385–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premalatha, B. and Sachdanandam, P., 1999. Semecarpus anacardium L. nut extract administration induces the in vivo antioxidant defence system in aflatoxin B 1 mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 66 (2), 131–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafai, P., et al., 1995. Effect of various levels of T-2 toxin on the immune system of growing pigs. Veterinary record, 136 (20), 511–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasekaran, K., et al., 2005. Disease resistance conferred by the expression of a gene encoding a synthetic peptide in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants. Plant biotechnology journal, 3 (6), 545–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajasekaran, K., et al., 2008. Development of a GFP-expressing Aspergillus flavus strain to study fungal invasion, colonization, and resistance in cottonseed. Mycopathology, 165 (2), 89–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajasekaran, K., Jaynes, J.M., and Cary, J.W., 2009. Transgenic expression of lytic peptides in food and feed crops to control phytopathogens and preharvest mycotoxin contamination. Journal of the American chemical society, 1031, 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• Raju, M.V.L.N. and Devegowda, G., 2000. Influence of esterified glucomannan on performance and organ morphology, serum biochemistry and haematology in broilers exposed to individual and combined mycotoxicosis (aflatoxin, ochratoxin and T-2 toxin). British poultry science, 41 (5), 640–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, A. J., and Hernandez, E., 1993. Resin colestiramina: un adsorbente de zearalenona de alta afinidad. Procc. XIV Congreso Nacional de Microbiologia, 8-11 Septiembre, Zaragoza, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, A. J., Fink-Gremmels, J., and Hernández, E., 1996. Prevention of toxic effects of mycotoxins by means of nonnutritive adsorbent compounds. Journal of food protection, 59 (6), 631–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy, K.R.N., et al., 2009. Mycotoxin contamination of commercially important agricultural commodities. Toxin Reviews, 28, 154–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renzulli, C., et al., 2004. Effects of rosmarinic acid against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin‐A‐induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). Journal of applied toxicology, 24 (4), 289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reverberi, M., et al., 2005. Antioxidant enzymes stimulation in Aspergillus parasiticus by Lentinula edodes inhibits aflatoxin production. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 69 (2), 207–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribar, S., and Mezaric, M., 1998. Fumonisins – mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. Lijec vjesnik, 120, 85–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodricks, J. V., and Eppley, R. M., 1974. Stachybotrys and stachybotryotoxicosis. In: IFH Purchase ed. Mycoroxins. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 181
   Google Scholar
• Rosa, C.A.R., et al., 2001. Evaluation of the efficacy of bentonite from the south of Argentina to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers. Poultry science, 80 (2), 139–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter, B.A., Prelusky, D.B., and Pestka, J.J., 1996. Toxicology of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 48 (1), 1–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter, R.G., Frohlich, A.A. and Marquardt, R.R., 1989. Influence of dietary charcoal on ochratoxin A toxicity in Leghorn chicks. Canadian journal of veterinary research, 53, 449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, U., et al., 1996. Production of antifungal substance by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis CHD-283. International journal of food microbiology, 32 (1-2), 27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozado, A.F., et al., 2008. Applicao de ozonio contra Sitophilus zeamais e Tribolium castaneum em milho armazenado. Revista brasileira de engenharia agrícola e ambiental, 12 (3), 282–285.
   Google Scholar
• Sands, D.C., McIntyre, J.L., and Walton, G.S., 1976. Use of activated charcoal for the removal of patulin from cider. Applied and environmental microbiology, 32 (3), 388–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santin, E., et al., 2003. Evaluation of the efficacy of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science, 2, 341–344.
   Google Scholar
• Santillan, E.M., et al., 2006. Antigenotoxic effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the damage produced in mice fed with aflatoxin B1 contaminated corn. Food and chemical toxicology, 44 (12), 2058–2063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini, A., et al., 2011. Influence of different coffee drink preparations on ochratoxin A content and evaluation of the antioxidant activity and caffeine variations. Food contamination, 22 (8), 1240–1245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schall, N., Simmler-Hübenthal, H., Feldhaus Hermann, G., 2000. Mykotoxin-Adsorbens. Ger. Offen. DE 19900813.
   Google Scholar
• Scheideler, S.E., 1993. Effects of various types of aluminosilicates and aflatoxin B1 on aflatoxin toxicity, chick performance, and mineral status. Poultry science, 72 (2), 282–288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schell, T.C., et al., 1993. Effects of feeding aflatoxin-contaminated diets with and without clay to weanling and growing pigs on performance, liver-function, and mineral metabolism. Journal of animal science, 71 (5), 1209–1218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiefer, H.B., 1986. Pathology of mycotoxicoses: possibilities and limits of a diagnosis. Pure and applied chemistry, 58 (2), 351–356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoental, R., 1984. Mycotoxins and the Bible. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 28 (1), 117–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoental R., 1991. Mycotoxins and the Bible. Perspectives in biology and medicine, 28, 117–120.
   Google Scholar
• Schoental, R., 1994. Mycotoxins in food and the plague in Athens. Journal of nutritional and environmental medicine, 4 (1), 83–85.
   Google Scholar
• Schoental, R. and Jotie, A.Z., 1974. Lesions induced in rodents by extracts from cultures of Fusarium poae and F. sporotrichioides. The journal of pathology, 112 (1), 37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuh, M. and Baumgartner, W., 1988. Mikrobiologisch und mykotoxikologisch kontaminierte Futtermittel als Krankheitsursache bei Rindern. Wiener tierarztliche monatsschrift, 75, 329–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweighardt, H., et al., 1980. Analysis of the fusariotoxins zearalenone and vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) in human foods and animal feeds by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chromatography, 13 (7), 447–450.
   Google Scholar
• Selvi, A.T., Joseph, G.S., and Jayaprakasha, G.K., 2003. Inhibition of growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus flavus by Garcinia indica extract and its antioxidant activity. Food microbiology, 20 (4), 455–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, N.P., 2000. Probiotic bacteria: selective enumeration and survival in dairy foods. Journal of dairy science, 83 (4), 894–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira, R., 2004. Control of mycotoxins in storage and techniques for their decontamination. In: N. Magan and M. Olsen, eds. Mycotoxins in food: detection and control. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 190–223.
   Google Scholar
• Shelef, L.A. and Chin, B., 1980. Effect of phenolic antioxidants on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1. Applied and environmental microbiology, 40 (6), 1039–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty, P.H., Hald, B., and Jespersen, L., 2007. Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains with potential decontaminating abilities in indigenous fermented foods. International journal of food microbiology, 113 (1), 41–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim, W.B., et al., 2004. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody for the detection of ochratoxin A. International journal of food science and technology, 39 (8), 829–837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T.K., 1982. Dietary influences on excretory pathways and tissue residues of zearalenone and zearalenols in the rat. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 60 (12), 1444–1449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solfrizzo, M., et al., 2001. Ineffectiveness of activated carbon in reducing the alteration of sphingolipid metabolism in rats exposed to fumonisin-contaminated diets. Food and chemical toxicology, 39 (5), 507–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa, A.H., et al., 2008. Ozone as a management alternative against phosphine-resistant insect pests of stored products. Journal of stored products research, 44 (4), 379–385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sova, Z., et al., 1991. Hematological and histological response to the diets containing aflatoxin B1 and zeolite in broilers of domestic fowl. Acta Veterinaria Brunensis, 60 (1), 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyoz, M., et al., 2004. The effects of ochratoxin A on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes: a protective role of melatonin. Cell biology and toxicology, 20 (4), 213–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, V.G., et al., 1993. The use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to suppress the effects of aflatoxicosis in broiler chicks. Poultry science, 72 (10), 1867–1872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, R.H. and Wilhelm, D.L., 1970. The inflammatory reaction in chemical injury. III. Leucocytosis and other histological changes induced by superficial injury. British journal of experimental pathology, 51, 265.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stiles, J. and Bullerman, L. B., 2002. Inhibition of Fusarium species and mycotoxin production by Bacillus pumilus NEB1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus VT1. In: H.W. Dehne, U. Gisi, K. H. Kuck, P. E. Russell, L. H. Bonn, eds, Proceedings of 13th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium. In: Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds III Agro Concept GmbH. Germany, 14–18 May.
   Google Scholar
• Styriak, I., et al., 2001. The use of yeast for microbial degradation of some selected mycotoxins. Mycotoxin research, 17 (S1), 24–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki, Y., et al., 2008. Immunomodulation of bioactive gibberellin confers gibberellin-deficient phenotypes in plants. Plant biotechnology journal, 6 (4), 355–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco, D., et al., 2004. Efficacy of silymarin-phospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poultry science, 83 (11), 1839–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejada-Castaneda, Z.I., et al., 2008. Biodetoxification of aflatoxin-contaminated chick feed. Poultry science, 87 (8), 1569–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teniola, O.D., et al., 2005. Degradation of aflatoxin B(1) by cell-free extracts of Rhodococcus erythropolis and Mycobacterium fluoranthenivorans sp. nov. DSM44556(T). International journal of food microbiology, 105 (2), 111–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirumala, K. D., et al., 2000. Recent advances in mycotoxin diagnosis. In: A. Chandrashekar, R. Bandyopadhayay, A. J. Hall, eds. Technical and institutional options for sorghum grain mold management: Proceedings of an international consultation. 18-19 May 2000, ICRISAT, Patancheru, India, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute of Semi-Arid Tropics, 116–123.
   Google Scholar
• Ueno, Y., et al., 1970. Comparative study on skin-necrotizing effect of scirpene metabolites of Fusaria. The Japanese journal of experimental medicine, 40 (1), 33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uhlinger, C., 1997. Leukoencephalomalacia. Veterinary clinics of North America: equine practice, 13 (1), 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanyi, A. and Szeky, A., 1980. Fusariotoxicoses. VII. Disturbed spermatogenesis caused by zearalenone (F-2 fuzriotoxin) and by imperfect illumination in guinea-cocks. Magyar – aallatorvosok lapja, 35, 247–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayias, B.J. and Stephons, V.K., 2009. Factors affecting the insecticidal efficacy of an enhanced diatomaceous earth formulation against three stored-product insect species. Journal of stored products research, 45 (4), 226–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss, K.A., et al., 1996. Subchronic toxic effects of Fusarium moniliforme and fumonisin B1 in rats and mice. Natural toxins, 4 (1), 16–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Voss, K.A., et al., 1998. In vivo effect of fumonisin B1-producing and fumonisin B1- nonproducing Fusarium moniliforme isolates are similar: fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 cause hepato- and nephrotoxicity in rats. Mycopathology, 141, 45–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Fitzpatrick, D.W., and Wilson, J.R., 1998. Effects of the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin on neurotransmitters and metabolites in discrete areas of the rat brain. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36 (11), 947–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, G.A., et al., 1978a. Effect of T-2 toxin on porcine reproduction. The Canadian veterinary journal, 19 (11), 310–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, G.A., et al., 1978b. Acute and chronic toxicity of T-2 mycotoxin in swine. Veterinary record, 103 (24), 531–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissinger, A., et al., 1999. Proc USDA-ARS Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop 66–68.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, G.M., Tanaka, T., and Maeura, Y., 1986. Dose-related inhibition of aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocarcinogenesis by the phenolic antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Carcinogenesis, 7 (7), 1043–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, G.M. and Iatropoulos, M.J., 1996. Inhibition of the hepatocarcinogenicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats by low levels of the phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. Cancer letters, 104 (1), 49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, K.C., Blaney, B.J., and Peters, R.T., 1994. Pigs fed Fusarium-infected maize containing zearalenone and nivalenol with sweeteners and bentonite. Livestock production science, 39 (3), 275–281.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, B.J. and Maronpot, P., 1971. Causative fungus agent of leucoencephalomalacia in equine animals. The veterinary record, 88 (19), 484–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman, D.W. and Marth, E.H., 1981. Growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus when in the presence of Streptococcus lactis. Mycopathology, 73 (1), 49–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyatt, R.D., et al., 1972a. Possible outbreaks of fusariotoxicosis in avians. Avian diseases, 16 (5), 1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt, R.D., et al., 1972b. Severe oral lesions in chickens caused by ingestion of dietary fusariotoxin T-2. Applied microbiology, 24 (2), 251.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wyss, G.S., 2005. Assessing the risk from mycotoxins for the organic food chain: organic food chain: results from organic HACCP (5th EU Results from Organic HACCP (5th EU-framework) and other framework) and other research, FiBL, viewed 7 July 2005. http://www.safonetwork.org/workshops/ws4/present/wyss2.pdf>
   Google Scholar
• Yarru, L.P., et al., 2009. Effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) on the expression of hepatic genes associated with biotransformation, antioxidant, and immune systems in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin. Poultry science, 88 (12), 2620–2627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yener, Z., et al., 2009. Effects of Urtica dioica L. seed on lipid peroxidation, antioxidants and liver pathology in aflatoxin-induced tissue injury in rats. Food and chemical toxicology, 47 (2), 418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yenilmez, A., et al., 2010. Antioxidant effects of melatonin and coenzyme Q10 on oxidative damage caused by single-dose ochratoxin A in rat kidney. Chinese journal of physiology, 53 (5), 310–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiannikouris, A., et al., 2004. Comprehensive conformational study of key interactions involved in zearalenone complexation with β-d-glucan. Biomacromolecules, 5 (6), 2176–2185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, M.Y., et al., 2008. Generation and evaluation of movement protein-specific single-chain antibodies for delaying symptoms of tomato spotted wilt virus infection in tobacco. Plant pathology, 57 (5), 854–860.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J., et al., 2013. Zinc protects HepG2 cells against the oxidative damage and DNA damage induced by ochratoxin A. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 268 (2), 123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar