An overview of in vivo toxicological profile of thymoquinone

References

• Abdel-Daim, M.M. and Ghazy, E.W., 2015. Effects of Nigella sativa oil and ascorbic acid against oxytetracycline-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rabbits. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 18 (3), 221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbuKhader, M.M., 2012. The effect of route of administration in thymoquinone toxicity in male and female rats. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 74 (3), 195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbuKhader, M.M., et al., 2013. Acute effects of thymoquinone on the pregnant rat and embryo-fetal development. Drug and chemical toxicology, 36 (1), 27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, A., et al., 2013. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: a miracle herb. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 3 (5), 337–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al Mofleh, I.A., et al., 2008. Gastroprotective effect of an aqueous suspension of black cumin Nigella sativa on necrotizing agents-induced gastric injury in experimental animals. Saudi journal of gastroenterology, 14 (3), 128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Ali, A., et al., 2008. Oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa, in mice and rats. Journal of Ayub medical college, Abbottabad, 20 (2), 25–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alenzi, F., et al., 2010. Protective effects of Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone against toxicity induced by the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide. British journal of biomedical science, 67 (1), 20–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, B. and Hosseinzadeh, H., 2015. Black cumin (Nigella sativa) and its active constituent, thymoquinone: an overview on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. Planta medica, 82 (01/02), 8–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badary, O.A., et al., 1998. Acute and subchronic toxicity of thymoquinone in mice. Drug development research, 44 (2–3), 56–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamosa, A.O., et al., 2002. The effect of thymoquinone on blood lipids in rats. Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology, 46 (2), 195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benkaci-Ali, F., et al., 2007. Chemical composition of seed essential oils from Algerian Nigella sativa extracted by microwave and hydrodistillation. Flavour and fragrance journal, 22 (2), 148–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolton, J.L., et al., 2000. Role of quinones in toxicology. Chemical research in toxicology, 13 (3), 135–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daba, M.H. and Abdel-Rahman, M.S., 1998. Hepatoprotective activity of thymoquinone in isolated rat hepatocytes. Toxicology letters, 95 (1), 23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dajani, E.Z., et al., 2016. Overview of the pre-clinical pharmacological properties of Nigella sativa (Black seeds): a complementary drug with historical and clinical significance. Journal of physiology and pharmacology, 67 (6), 801–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dehkordi, F.R. and Kamkhah, A.F., 2008. Antihypertensive effect of Nigella sativa seed extract in patients with mild hypertension. Fundamental & clinical pharmacology, 22 (4), 447–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Dakhakhny, M., 1963. Studies on the chemical constitution of Egyptian Nigella sativa L. seeds. II1. The essential oil. Planta medica, 11 (04), 465–470.
   Google Scholar
• El-Dakhakhny, M., 1965. Studies on the Egyptian Nigella sativa L. IV. Some pharmacological properties of the seeds' active principle in comparison to its dihydro compound and its polymer. Arzneimittelforschung, 15 (10), 1227–1229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Najjar, N., et al., 2010. Reactive oxygen species mediate thymoquinone-induced apoptosis and activate ERK and JNK signaling. Apoptosis, 15 (2), 183–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhoury, I., et al., 2016. Uptake, delivery, and anticancer activity of thymoquinone nanoparticles in breast cancer cells. Journal of nanoparticle research, 18 (7), 210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gali-Muhtasib, H., et al., 2006. Thymoquinone: a promising anti-cancer drug from natural sources. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology, 38 (8), 1249–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökçe, A., et al., 2010. Protective effect of thymoquinone in experimental testicular torsion. Urologia internationalis, 85 (4), 461–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harzallah, H.J., et al., 2012. Oxidative and genotoxic effects of thymoquinone, Nigella sativa active compound, in Balb/c mice. African journal of food science, 6 (22), 529–534.
   Google Scholar
• Javidi, S., et al., 2016. A review of neuropharmacology effects of Nigella sativa and its main component, thymoquinone. Phytotherapy research, 30 (8), 1219–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, M., 2008. Nigella sativa and derived thymoquinone prevents hippocampal neurodegeneration after chronic toluene exposure in rats. Neurochemical research, 33 (3), 579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimi, G., et al., 2011. Protective effects of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Nigella sativa L. and Portulaca oleracea L. on free radical induced hemolysis of RBCs. DARU, 19 (4), 295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khader, M., et al., 2009. In vitro toxicological properties of thymoquinone. Food and chemical toxicology, 47 (1), 129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumara, S.S.M. and Huat, B.T.K., 2001. Extraction, isolation and characterisation of antitumor principle, α-hederin, from the seeds of Nigella sativa. Planta medica, 67 (1), 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landa, P., et al., 2009. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of carvacrol: inhibitory effect on COX-2 catalyzed prostaglandin E 2 biosynthesis. Archives of pharmacal research, 32 (1), 75–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour, M., et al., 2001. Effects of volatile oil constituents of Nigella sativa on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: evidence for antioxidant effects of thymoquinone. Research communications in molecular pathology and pharmacology, 110 (3–4), 239–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mansour, M.A., et al., 2002. Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and DT‐diaphorase in different tissues of mice: a possible mechanism of action. Cell biochemistry and function, 20 (2), 143–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehri, S., et al., 2014. Neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences, 17 (12), 1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meral, I., et al., 2001. Effect of Nigella sativa on glucose concentration, lipid peroxidation, anti‐oxidant defence system and liver damage in experimentally‐induced diabetic rabbits. Journal of veterinary medicine series A, 48 (10), 593–599.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morsi, N.M., 2000. Antimicrobial effect of crude extracts of Nigella sativa on multiple antibiotics-resistant bacteria. Acta microbiologica polonica, 49 (1), 63–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ong, Y.S., et al., 2016. Acute and subacute toxicity profiles of thymoquinone-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier in BalB/c mice. International journal of nanomedicine, 11, 5905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salem, E.M., et al., 2010. Comparative study of Nigella Sativa and triple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia. Saudi journal of gastroenterology, 16 (3), 207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shakeri, F., et al., 2016. Gastrointestinal effects of Nigella sativa and its main constituent, thymoquinone: a review. Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 6 (1), 9–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tembhurne, S., et al., 2014. A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa (kalonji) seeds. Journal of medicinal plants research, 8 (3), 167–177.
   Google Scholar
• Terzi, A., et al., 2010. Protective effects of Nigella sativa on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Journal of investigative surgery, 23 (1), 21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, T.J., et al., 2002. Antitumour property and toxicity of Barringtonia racemosa Roxb seed extract in mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 82 (2–3), 223–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubesha, Z., et al., 2013. Study on the potential toxicity of a thymoquinone-rich fraction nanoemulsion in Sprague Dawley rats. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 18 (7), 7460–7472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, S.-M. and Kim, S.-J., 2015. The thymoquinone-induced production of reactive oxygen species promotes dedifferentiation through the ERK pathway and inflammation through the p38 and PI3K pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. International journal of molecular medicine, 35 (2), 325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar