Amatoxins in wood-rotting Galerina marginata

LITERATURE CITED

• Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. 1985. Poisonous mushrooms of Canada. Markham, Canada: Fitzhenry and Whiteside. 396 p.
   Google Scholar
• Andary C, Privat G, Enjalbert F, Mandrou B. 1979. Teneur comparative en amanitines de différentes Agaricales toxiques d’Europe. Doc mycol 10(37–38):61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Barrasa JM, Gonzalez AE, Martinez AT. 1992. Ultrastructural aspects of fungal delignification of Chilean woods by Ganoderma australe and Phlebia chrysocrea. A study of natural and in vitro degradation. Holzforschung 46:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bauchet JM. 1983. Poisoning said due to Galera unicolor. Bull Brit Mycol Soc 17:51.
   Google Scholar
• Benedict RG, Brady LR. 1967. Fermentative production of toxic cyclopeptides by Galerina marginata. Lloydia 30:372–378.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ——— LR, Stuntz DE, Spurr J. 1970. Occurrence of the deadly Amanita verna in the Pacific Northwest. Mycologia 62:597–599.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin DR. 1995. Mushrooms poisons and panaceas. New York: W.H. Freeman & Company. 422 p.
   Google Scholar
• Besl H, Mack P, Schmid-Heckel H. 1984. Giftpilze in den Gattungen Galerina und Lepiota. Z Mykol 50:183–193.
   Google Scholar
• Bessette AE, Bessette AR, Fisher DW. 1997. Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Hong Kong: Syracuse University Press. 582 p.
   Google Scholar
• Blanchette RA. 1991. Delignification by wood-decay fungi. Annu Rev Phytopathol 29:381–398.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2000. A review of microbial deterioration found in archaeological wood from different environments. Intern Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 46:189–204.
   Google Scholar
• Block SS, Stephens RL, Murrill WA. 1955. The Amanita toxins in mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem 3:584–587.
   Google Scholar
• Bon M. 1990. Agaricomycètes de la région Languedoc-Cevennes (5ème partie). Doc mycol 20 (78):44.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1992. Genre Galerina Earle. Doc mycol 21 (84):24–43.
   Google Scholar
• Brady LR, Benedict RG, Tyler DE, Stuntz DE, Malone MH. 1975. Identification of Conocybe filaris as a toxic Basidiomycete. Lloydia 38:172–173.
   Google Scholar
• Bresinsky A, Besl H. 1990. A colour atlas of poisonous fungi. Regensburg, Germany: Wolfe Publishing Ltd. 295 p.
   Google Scholar
• Courtecuisse R, Duhem B. 2000. Guide des champignons de France et d’Europe. Lausanne, Switzerland: Delachaux and Niestlé. 476 p.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen D. 1997. Recent advances on the molecular genetics of ligninolytic fungi. J Biotechnol 53:273–289.
   Google Scholar
• Dill I, Salnikow J, Kraepelin G. 1984. Hydroxyprolinerich protein material in wood and lignin of Fagus sylvatica. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:1259–1261.
   Google Scholar
• Elonen E, Härkönen M. 1978. Galerina marginata poisoning. Duodecim 94:1050–1053.
   Google Scholar
• Enjalbert F, Cassanas G, Andary C. 1989. Variation in amounts of main phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides Mycologia 81:266–271.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Guinchard C, Chaumont JP. 1996. Toxin composition of Amanita phalloides tissues in relation to the collection site. Mycologia 88:909–921.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Salhi SL, Guinchard C, Chaumont JP. 1999. Distribution of the amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides. Influence of the tissues and the collection site. C R Acad Sci Paris, Sci de la Vie/Life Sci 322:855–862.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Gallion C, Jehl F, Monteil H, Faulstich H. 1992. Simultaneous assay for amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita phalloides Fr. by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 598:227–236.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, ———, ———, ———. 1993. Amatoxins and phallotoxins in Amanita species: high-performance liquid chromatographic determination. Mycologia 85:579–584.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Rapior S, Nouguier-Soulé J, Guillon S, Amouroux N, Cabot C. 2002. Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis. J of Toxicol—Clin Toxicol 40:715–747.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson KE, Blanchette RA, Ander P. 1990. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of wood components. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag. 407 p.
   Google Scholar
• Faulstich H, Wieland T. 1996. New aspects of amanitin and phalloidin poisoning. In: Singh BR, Tu AT, eds. Natural toxins II. Advances in experimental medicine and biology. New York: Plenum Press. p 309–314.
   Google Scholar
• Faulstich H, Zilker T. 1994. Amatoxins. In: Spoerke DG, Rumack BH, eds. Handbook of mushroom poisoning, diagnosis and treatment. Boca Raton: CRC Press Inc. p 233–248.
   Google Scholar
• Frank JM. 1998. Special metabolites in relation to conditions of growth. In: Frisvad JC, Bridge PD, Arora DK, eds. Chemical fungal taxonomy. New York: Dekker. p 321–344.
   Google Scholar
• Gérault A, Girre L. 1977. Mise au point sur les intoxications par les champignons supérieurs. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 93(3):373–405.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbertson RL. 1980. Wood-rotting fungi of North America. Mycologia 72:1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman CM, Malbin B. 1954. Mushroom poisoning: a review of the literature and report of two cases caused by a previously undescribed species. Ann Intern Med 40:249–259.
   Google Scholar
• Gulden G, Dunham S, Stockman J. 2001. DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex. Mycol Res 105:432–440.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Vesterholt J. 1999. The genera Galerina and Phaeogalera (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) on the Faroe Islands. Nord J Bot 19:685–706.
   Google Scholar
• Hallen HE, Watling R, Adams GC. 2003. Taxonomy and toxicity of Conocybe lactea and related species. Mycol Res 107:969–979.
   Google Scholar
• Hintikka V. 1982. The colonisation of litter and wood by Basidiomycetes in Finnish forests. In: Frankland JC, Hedger JN, Swift MJ, eds. Decomposer Basidiomycetes: their biology and ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 227–239.
   Google Scholar
• Imazeki R, Otani Y, Hongo T. 1987. Fungi of Japan. Tokyo, Japan: Yamakey.
   Google Scholar
• Ishihara Y, Yamaura Y. 1992. Descriptive epidemiology mushroom poisoning in Japan. Jpn J Hyg 46(6):1071–1078.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson BEC, Preston JF, Kimbrough JW. 1976. Quantitation of amanitins in Galerina autumnalis. Mycologia 68:1248–1253.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko H, Tomomasa T, Inoue Y, Kunimoto F, Fukusato T, Muraoka S, Gonmori K, Matsumoto T, Morikawa A. 2001. Amatoxin poisoning from ingestion of Japanese Galerina mushrooms. J of Toxicol—Clin Toxicol 39:413–416.
   Google Scholar
• Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC, Stalpers JA. 2001. Ainsworth and Bisby’s dictionary of the fungi. 9th ed. Oxon, United Kingdom: CAB International. p 203.
   Google Scholar
• Klán J. 1993. Přehleb hub obsahujicich Amanitiny i Faloidiny (The survey of fungi containing amanitins and phalloidins). Čas Lék česk 132:449–451.
   Google Scholar
• Kühner R. 1980. Les Hyménomycètes agaricoïdes (Agaricales, Tricholomatales, Plutéales, Russulales). Etude générale et classification. Numéro Spécial du Bulletin de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon. Villeurbanne, France: Imprimeries Terreaux Frères. 1027 p.
   Google Scholar
• Levy JF. 1982. The place of Basidiomycetes in the decay of wood in contact with the ground. In: Frankland JC, Hedger JN, Swift MJ, eds. Decomposer Basidiomycetes: their biology and ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 161–178.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoff GH. 1998. National Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 926 p.
   Google Scholar
• McKenny M, Stuntz DE. 1987. The new savory wild mushroom. Saskatoon, Canada: University of Washington Press. p 128–129.
   Google Scholar
• Montgomery RAP. 1982. The role of polysaccharidase enzymes in the decay of wood by Basidiomycetes. In: Frankland JC, Hedger JN, Swift MJ. eds. Decomposer Basidiomycetes: their biology and ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 51–65.
   Google Scholar
• Muraoka S, Fukumachi N, Mizumoto K, Shinozawa T. 1999. Detection and identification of Amanitins in the wood-rotting fungi Galerina fasciculata and Galerina helvoliceps. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4207–4210.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Shinozawa T. 1999. Microbial manufacture of amanitins. Jpn Kokai Tokkyo Koho. Patent No. JP 11137291 (Date: 1990525), Application No. JP 1997-310543 (19971112). 6 pp.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 2000. Effective production of Amanitins by two-step cultivation of the Basidiomycete, Galerina fasciculata GF-060. J Biosci Bioeng 89:73–76.
   Google Scholar
• Peck CH. 1912. Report of the State Botanist 1911. New York State Mus Bull 157:1–139.
   Google Scholar
• Rypáček V. 1977. Chemical composition of hemicelluloses as a factor participating in the substrate specificity of wood-destroying fungi. Wood Sci Technol 11:59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Scheikl M. 1994. Electrometric measurement of the surface pH value of wood types. Holzforschung und Holzverwertung 46:105–106.
   Google Scholar
• Singer R. 1986. The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. 4th ed. Koenigstein, Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 981 p..
   Google Scholar
• Smith AH. 1953. New species of Galerina from North America. Mycologia 45:892–925.
   Google Scholar
• Smith AH, Singer R. 1964. A Monograph on the Genus Galerina Earle. New York: Hafner Publishing Company. 384 p.
   Google Scholar
• Solov’ev VA, Malysheva ON, Maleva IL, Saplina VI. 1985. Changes in wood chemical composition under the effect of lignic-destroying fungi. Koksnes Kimija 6:94–100.
   Google Scholar
• Stijve T, Seeger R. 1979. Determination of α-, β- and γ-amanitin by high-performance thin-layer chromatography in Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Secr. from various origin. Z Naturforsch 34C:1133–1138.
   Google Scholar
• Sturion GL, Oetterer M. 1995. Chemical composition of edible mushrooms (Pleurotus spp.) grown on different substrates. Ciência e Tecnologia de alimentos 15:189–193.
   Google Scholar
• Trestrail JH. 1991. Mushroom poisoning case registry. North American Mycological Association Report 1989–1990. Mc Ilvainea 10(1):36–44.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1992. Mushroom poisoning case registry. North American Mycological Association Report 1991. Mc Ilvainea 10(2):51–59.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1994. Mushroom poisoning case registry. North American Mycological Association Report 1993. Mc Ilvainea 11(2):87–95.
   Google Scholar
• Tuor U, Winterhalter K, Fiechter A. 1995. Enzymes of white-rot fungi involved in lignin degradation and ecological determinants for wood decay. J Biotechnol 41:1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler VE, Benedict RG, Brady LR, Robbers JE. 1966. Occurrence of Amanita toxins in American collections of deadly Amanitas. J Pharmacol Sci 55:590–593.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Brady LR, Benedict RG, Khanna JM, Malone MH. 1963. Chromatographic and pharmacologic evaluation of some toxic Galerina species. Lloydia 26:154–157.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Smith AH. 1963. Chromatographic detection of Amanita toxins in Galerina venenata. Mycologia 55:358–359.
   Google Scholar
• Varela E, Martinez AT, Martinez MJ. 2000. Southern blot screening for lignin peroxidase and aryl alcohol oxidase genes in 30 fungal species. J Biotechnol 83:245–251.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe T, Kuwahara M. 2000. Enzymatic degradation of lignin. Degradation of polymers by oxidative radical catalyzed by peroxidases. Kagaku to Seibutsu 38:161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Wieland T. 1983. The toxic peptides from Amanita mushrooms. Int J Pept Protein Res 22:257–276.
   Google Scholar
• ———, 1986. Toadstools accumulating amatoxins. In: Rich A, ed. Peptides of poisonous Amanita mushrooms. New York: Springer Verlag. p 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Faulstich H. 1983. Peptide toxins from Amanita. In: Keller RF, Tu AT, eds. Handbook of natural toxins. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Vol 1. p 585–635.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 1991. Fifty-years of amanitin. Experientia 47:1186–1193.
   Google Scholar
• Yin W, Yang ZR. 1993. A clinical analysis of twelve patients with Galerina autumnalis poisoning. Chung-hua Nei K’o Tsa Chih (Chinese J Internal Med) 32:810–812.
   Google Scholar
• Zanotti G, Petersen G, Wieland T. 1992. Structure-toxicity relationships in the amatoxin series. Structural variations of side chain 3 and inhibition of RNA polymerase II. Int J Peptide Protein Res 40:551–558.
   Google Scholar
• Zaremski A. 1996. Les mécanismes d’attaque générale des bois mis en oeuvre par les champignons lignivores. Examen probatoire Spécialité: Biologie en vue des applications. Montpellier: Cirad-forêt/CNAM. 30 p.
   Google Scholar