Spatial structure and richness of ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing bioassay seedlings from resistant propagules in a Sierra Nevada forest: comparisons using two hosts that exhibit different seedling establishment patterns

LITERATURE CITED

• Agerer R. 2001. Exploration types of ectomycorrhizae: a proposal to classify ectomycorrhizal mycelial systems according to their patterns of differentiation and putative ecological importance. Mycorrhiza 11:107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Altschul SF, Madden TL, Schaffer AA, Zhang JH, Zhang Z, Miller W, Lipman DJ. 1997. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST—a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acid Res 25:3389–3402.
   Google Scholar
• Baar J, Horton TR, Kretzer AM, Bruns TD. 1999. Mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus muricata from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire. New Phytol 143:409–418.
   Google Scholar
• Bock C, Bock J. 1977. Patterns of post-fire succession on the Donner Ridge Burns, Sierra Nevada. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-3.
   Google Scholar
• Casgrain P, Legendre P. 2001. The R package for multivariate and spatial analysis. Version 4.0. User’s Manual University of Montreal: Montreal, Canada,
   Google Scholar
• Chao A. 1987. Estimating the population size for capture-recapture data with unequal catchability. Biometrics 43:783–791.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman M, Bledsoe C, Lopushinsky W. 1989. Pure culture response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to imposed water stress. Can J Bot 67:29–39.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming LV. 1984. Effects of soil trenching and coring on the formation of ectomycorrhizas on birch seedlings grown around mature trees. New Phytol 98:143–154.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Deacon JW, Last FW. 1986. Ectomycorrhizal succession in a Scottish birch wood. In: Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Gianinazzi S, eds. Physiological and genetical aspects of Mycorrhizae. Paris: INRA. p 259–264.
   Google Scholar
• Gardes M, Bruns TD. 1993. ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes–application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118.
   Google Scholar
• Gray A, Zald H, Kern R, North M. 2005. Stand conditions associated with tree regeneration in Sierran mixed-conifer forests. For Sci 51(3):198–210.
   Google Scholar
• Horton TR, Bruns TD, Parker VT. 1999. Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with Arctostaphylos contribute to Pseudotsuga menziesii establishment. Can J Bot 77:93–102.
   Google Scholar
• Izzo A, Agbowo J, Bruns T. 2005a. Detection of plot-level changes in ectomycorrhizal communities across years in an old-growth mixed-conifer forest. New Phytol 166(2):619–630.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Meyer M, Trappe J, North M, Bruns T. 2005b. Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed-conifer forest. For Sci 51(3):243–254.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson L, Anders D, Tor-Erik B. 2000. Spatiotemporal distribution of an ectomycorrhizal community in an oligotrophic Swedish Picea abies forest subjected to experimental nitrogen addition: above- and below-ground views. For Ecol Manage 132:143–156.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Dahlberg A, Nilsson MC, Kåren O, Zackrisson O. 1999. Continuity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in self-regenerating boreal Pinus sylvestris forests studied by comparing mycobiont diversity on seedlings and mature trees. New Phytol 142:151–162.
   Google Scholar
• Keizer PJ, Arnolds E. 1994. Succession of ectomycorrhizal fungi in roadside verges planted with common oak (Quercus robur L.) in Drenthe, the Netherlands. Mycorrhiza 4:147–159.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy PG, Izzo AD, Bruns TD. 2003. There is high potential for the formation of common mycorrhizal networks between understorey and canopy trees in a mixed evergreen forest. J Ecol 91:1071–1080.
   Google Scholar
• Kjøller R, Bruns TD. 2003. Rhizopogon spore bank communities within and among California pine forests. Mycologia 95:603–613.
   Google Scholar
• Lilleskov E, Bruns T, Horton T, Taylor D, Grogan P. 2004. Detection of forest stand-level spatial structure in ectomycorrhizal fungal communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 49(2):319–332.
   Google Scholar
• Magurran AE. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. London: Croom Helm.
   Google Scholar
• Massicotte HB, Molina R, Luoma DL, Smith JE. 1994. Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, Rhizopogon. II. Patterns of host-fungus specificity following spore inoculation of diverse hosts grown in monoculture and dual culture. New Phytol 126:677–690.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Molina R, Tackaberry LE, Smith JE, Amaranthus MP. 1999. Diversity and host specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from three adjacent forest sites by five host species. Can J Bot 77:1053–1076.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald P. 1976. Forest regeneration and seedling growth from five major cutting methods in north-central California. USDA Forest Ser. Res. Pap. PSW-183.
   Google Scholar
• Miller SL, Torres P, McClean TM. 1994. Persistence of basidiospores and sclerotia of ectomycorrhizal fungi and Morchella in soil. Mycologia 86:89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Molina R, Massicotte H, Trappe J. 1992. Specificity phenomena in mycorrhizal symbioses: community-ecological consequences and practical implications. In: Allen MF, ed. Mycorrhizal functioning—an integrative plant-fungal process. London: Chapman & Hall. p 357–423.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Trappe JM, Grubisha LC, Spatafora JW. 1999. Chapter 5: Rhizopogon. In: Cairney J, Chambers S, eds. Ectomycorrhizal fungi: key genera in profile. Heidelbert: Springer-Verlag. p 129–161.
   Google Scholar
• Newton AC. 1992. Toward a functional classification of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 2:75–79.
   Google Scholar
• North M, Oakley B, Chen J, Erickson H, Gray A, Izzo A, Johnson D, Ma S, Marra J, Meyer M, Purcell K, Rambo T, Roath B, Rizzo D, Schowalter T. 2002. Vegetation and ecological characteristics of mixed-conifer and red-fir forests at the Teakettle Experimental Forest. USDA Forest Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-186.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2002a. Seasonality and abundance of truffles from oak woodlands to red fir forests. USDA Forest Ser. Gen. Tech Rep. PSW-GTR-183.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2002b. The Teakettle experiment. USDA Forest Ser. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-183.
   Google Scholar
• Parke JL, Linderman RG, Black CH. 1983. The role of ectomycorrhizas in drought tolerance of Douglas-fir seedlings. New Phytol 94:83–95.
   Google Scholar
• Perry DA, Margolis H, Choquette C, Molina R, Trappe JM. 1989. Ectomycorrhizal mediation of competition between coniferous tree species. New Phytol 112:501–512.
   Google Scholar
• Peter M, Ayer F, Egli S, Honegger R. 2001. Above- and below-ground community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in three Norway spruce (Picea abies) stands in Switzerland. Can J Bot 79:1134–1151.
   Google Scholar
• Pigott C. 1982. Survival of mycorrhiza formed by Cenococcum geophilum Fr. in dry soils. New Phytol 92(4):513–517.
   Google Scholar
• Simard SW, Perry DA, Smith JE, Molina R. 1997. Effects of soil trenching on occurrence of ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings grown in mature forests of Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii. New Phytol 136:327–340.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor AFS. 2002. Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities: sampling effort and species detection. Plant Soil 244:19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor DL, Bruns TD. 1999. Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities. Mol Ecol 8:1837–1850.
   Google Scholar
• Tedersoo L, Koljalg U, Hallenberg N, Larsson KH. 2003. Fine scale distribution of ectomycorrhizal fungi and roots across substrate layers including coarse woody debris in a mixed forest. New Phytol 159:153–165.
   Google Scholar
• Torres P, Honrubia M. 1997. Changes and effects of a natural fire on ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential of soil in a Pinus halepensis forest. For Ecol Manage 96:189–196.
   Google Scholar
• van der Heijden EW, Kuyper TW. 2003. Ecological strategies of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Salix repens: root manipulation versus root replacement. Oikos 103:668–680.
   Google Scholar
• Visser S. 1995. Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in jack pine stands following wildfire. New Phytol 129:389–401.
   Google Scholar
• Walker J, Miller O, Horton J. 2005. Hyperdiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungus assemblages on oak seedlings in mixed forests in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Mol Ecol 14:829–838.
   Google Scholar
• White TJ, Bruns TD, Lee SB, Taylor JW. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR protocols—a guide to methods and applications. New York: Academic Press. p 315–322.
   Google Scholar