Expansion of the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples based on analysis of ribosomal DNA gene sequences and morphology

LITERATURE CITED

• Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M.1996. Introductory Mycology. 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Baines RC, Gardner MW. 1932. Pathogenicity and cultural characters of the apple sooty-blotch fungus. Phytopathology 22:937–953.
   Google Scholar
• Baker KF, Davis LH, Durbin RD, Snyder WC. 1977. Greasy blotch of carnation and flyspeck disease of apple: diseases caused by Zygophiala jamaicensis. Phytopathology 67:580–588.
   Google Scholar
• Barr ME.1987. Prodomus to Class Loculoascomycetes, Amherst, Massachusetts: Published by the author.
   Google Scholar
• Batzer JC, Gleason ML, Tiffany LH. 2002a. Discrete speck, a putative newly discovered fungus in the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples. Phytopathology 92(Supplement):S6.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Weldon B, Dixon PM, Nutter FW Jr. 2002b. Evaluation of postharvest removal of sooty blotch and flyspeck on apples using sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide with peroxyacetic acid, and soap. Plant Dis 86:1325–1332.
   Google Scholar
• Braun U.1998. A monograph of Cercosporella, Ramularia and Allied Generia (Phyopathogenic Hyphomycetes). Eching bei Munchen: IHW-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Colby AS. 1920. Sooty blotch of pomaceous fruits. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 13:139–179.
   Google Scholar
• Crous PW, Corlett M. 1998. Reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Platanus. Can J Bot 76:1523–1532.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Goenewald JZ, Mansilla JP, Hunter GC, Wingfield MJ. 2004. Phylogenetic reassessment of Mycosphaerella spp. and their anamorphs occurring on Eucalyptus. Stud Mycol 50:198–214.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Kang JC, Braun U. 2001a. A phylogenetic redefinition of anamorph genera in Mycosphaerella based on ITS rDNA sequence and morphology. Mycologia 93:1081–1101.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Li, Hong, Wingfield BD, Wingfield M. 2001b. ITS rDNA phylogeny of selected Mycosphaerella species and their anamorphs occurring on Myrtaceae. Mycol Res 105:425–431.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Wingfield MJ. 1997. New species of Mycosphaerella occurring on eucalyptus leaves in Indonesia and Africa. Can J Bot 75:781–790.
   Google Scholar
• de Hoog GS, Hijwegen T, Batenburgvan der, Vegte. 1991. A new species of Dissoconium; Mycol Res 95:679–682.
   Google Scholar
• ———, McGinnis MR. 1987. Ascomycetous black yeasts. Stud Mycol 30:187–189.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson OE.2003. Outline of Ascomycota2003. Myconet [http://www.umu.se/myconet/curr/current.html]
   Google Scholar
• ———, Winka K. 1998. Families and higher taxa of Ascomycota. Myconet 1:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher NL, Burgess LW, Tousson TA, Nelson PE. 1982. Carnation leaves as a substrate and for preserving cultures of Fusarium species. Phytopathology 72: 151–153.
   Google Scholar
• Groves AB. 1933. A study of the sooty blotch disease of apples and casual fungus Gloeodes pomigena. Virginia Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 50:1–43.
   Google Scholar
• Hall TA. 1999. BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucl. Acids. Symp. Ser. 41:95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington TC, Rizzo DM.1999. Defining species in the fungi. In: Worrall JJ, ed. Structure and dynamics of fungal populations. Kluwer Academic Press. p. 43–70.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Steimel J, Workneh F, Yang XB. 2000. Molecular identification of fungi associated with vascular discoloration of soybean in the north central United States. Plant Dis 84:83–89.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Wingfield BD. 1995. A PCR-based identification method for species of Armillaria. Mycologia 87: 280–288.
   Google Scholar
• Hartman JR. 1995. Evaluation of fungicide timing for sooty blotch and flyspeck control, 1994. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 50:11.
   Google Scholar
• Hernandez SM, Batzer JC, Gleason ML, Mueller DS, Dixon PM, Best V, McManus PS. 2004. Temperature optima for mycelial growth of newly discovered fungi in sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apples. Phytopathology 94(Supplement):S41.
   Google Scholar
• Hickey KD.1960. The sooty blotch and flyspeck diseases of apple with emphasis on variation within Gloeodes pomigena (SCW.) Colby. [Doctoral dissertation]. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiau PTW, Harrington TC. 2003. Phylogenetics and adaptations of basidiomycetous fungi fed upon by bark beetles (Coleoptora: Scolytidae). Symbiosis 34:111–131.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson EM, Sutton TB. 1994. First report of Geastrumia polystigmatis on apple and common blackberry in North America. Plant Dis 78:1219.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 2000. Response of two fungi in the apple sooty blotch complex to temperature and relative humidity. Phytopathology 90:362–367.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, Hodges CS. 1997. Etiology of apple sooty blotch disease in North Carolina. Phytopathology 87:88–95.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, ———. 1996. Peltaster fructicola: a new species in the complex of fungi causing apple sooty blotch disease. Mycologia 88:114–120.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner SM.1999. Studies on the biology and epidemiology of Schizothyrium pomi, causal agent of flyspeck disease of apple [Master’s thesis]. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Lumbsch HT, Lindemuth R. 2001. Major lineages of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. Mycol Res 105:901–908.
   Google Scholar
• Nasu H, Kunoh H. 1987. Scanning electron microscopy of flyspeck of apple, pear, Japanese persimmon, plum, Chinese quince, and pawpaw. Plant Dis 71:361–364.
   Google Scholar
• Nei M, Kumar S.2000. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ocamb-Basu CM, Sutton TB. 1988. Effects of temperature on relative humidity on germination, growth, and sporulation of Zygophiala jamaicensis. Phytopathology 78:100–103.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds DR. 1991. A phylogeny of fissitunicate ascostromatic fungi. Mycotaxon 42:99–123.
   Google Scholar
• Schweintz LD. 1832. Dothidea pomigena Trans. Am Philos Soc n.s. 4:232.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart EL, Zhaowei L, Crous PW, Szabo LJ. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among some cercosporoid anamorphs of Mycosphaerella based on rDNA sequence analysis. Mycol Res 103:1491–1499.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton AL, Sutton TB. 1994. The distribution of the mycelial types of Gloeodes pomigena on apples in North Carolina and their relationship to environmental conditions. Plant Dis 78:668–673.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford DL.2002. PAUP* Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) version 4.0. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tarnowski TB, Batzer JC, Gleason ML, Helland S, Dixon P.2003. Sensitivity of newly identified clades in the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple to thiophanatemethyl and ziram. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2003-12XX-01-RS.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniak F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. 1997. The Clustal X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res 25:4876–4882.
   Google Scholar
• van de Voort JL, Batzer JC, Helland SJ, Gleason ML. Agar media affect growth and sporulation of newly discovered sooty blotch fungi. Phytopathology 93:S86.
   Google Scholar
• Vilgalys R, Hester M. 1990. Rapid genetic identification and mapping of enzymatically amplified ribosomal DNA from several Cryptococcus species. J Bacteriol 172: 4239–4246.
   Google Scholar
• White TJ, Bruns T, Taylor J.1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Snisky JJ, White JW, eds. PCR protocols: a guide to molecular methods and amplifications. New York: Academic Press. p 315–322.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson SM, Hodges CS, Sutton TB. 2004. Re-examination of Peltaster fructicola, a member of the apple sooty blotch complex. Mycologia 96:885–890.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Sutton TB. 2000. Sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple: Etiology, biology, and control. Plant Dis. 84:714–724.
   Google Scholar