Lessons from Structural Analysis of a Great Gothic Cathedral: Canterbury Cathedral as a Case Study

References

• ACNS (Anglican Communion News Services). 2007. Save Canterbury Cathedral appeal reaches 7 million. https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2007/11/save-canterbury-cathedral-appeal-reaches-7-million.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Block, P. 2005. Equilibrium systems: Studies in masonry structure. MSc Thesis, Massachusetts, US: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Block, P. 2009. Thrust network analysis exploring three-dimensional equilibrium. PhD Thesis, Massachusetts, US: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Blows, J. F., P. J. Carey, and A. B. Poole. 2003. Preliminary investigations into Caen stone in the UK; Its use, weathering and comparison with repair stone. Building and Environment 38 (9–10):1143–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(03)00075-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2011. The world’s oldest space frame. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/whats-on/news/2011/09/16/the-worlds-oldest-space-frame/.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2012. Completed corona is finally revealed. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/whats-on/news/2012/08/22/completed-corona-is-finally-revealed/.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2013. Stained glass. http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/conservation/stainedglass/.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2014. The great south window. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/whats-on/news/2014/04/07/the-great-south-window/.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2017. Charting the journey. Spring 2017. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Charting-the-Journey-Winter-16-17-for-Partners-Community.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2019a. The canterbury journey timeline. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/heritage/the-canterbury-journey/physicalworks/the-canterbury-journey-timeline/.
   Google Scholar
• Canterbury Cathedral. 2019b. Viridor credits awards grant to cathedral. https://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/whats-on/news/2019/03/19/viridor-credits-awards-grant-to-cathedral/.
   Google Scholar
• Carfagnini, C., S. Baraccani, S. Silvestri, and D. Theodossopoulos. 2018. The effects of in-plane shear displacements at the springings of gothic cross vaults. Construction and Building Materials 186:219–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.055.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collinson, P., N. Ramsay, and M. Sparks. 1995. A history of Canterbury Cathedral. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coronelli, D. A. M., C. G. Di Prisco, F. Pisanò, S. Imposimato, S. Ghezzi, and M. Pesconi. 2014. The tiburio of the cathedral of milan: Structural analysis of the construction & 20th century foundation settlements. In 15th international conference on structural faults & repair, ed. M. C. Forde. London, UK: Politecnico di Milano.
   Google Scholar
• D’Ayala, D., and P. Smars. 2003. Architectural and structural modelling for the conservation of cathedrals. Journal of Architectural Conservation 9 (3):51–72. January 1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13556207.2003.10785351.
   Google Scholar
• De Kock, T., W. De Boever, J. Dewanckele, M. A. Boone, P. Jacobs, and V. Cnudde. 2015. Characterization, performance and replacement stone compatibility of building stone in the 12th century tower of Dudzele (Belgium). Engineering Geology 184:43–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.10.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIANA. 2019. Manuals TNO DIANA. http://tnodiana.com/DIANA-manuals.
   Google Scholar
• DIANA FEA BV. 2019. User’s manual – Release 10.3. Delft, The Netherlands: DIANA FEA BV.
   Google Scholar
• Dudley, C. J. 2010. Canterbury Cathedral: Aspects of its sacramental geometry. USA: Xlibris Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, T. M. 2019. Notre Dame Cathedral: Another case in a growing list of heritage landmarks destroyed by fire. Fire 2 (2):20. April 24. https://www.mdpi.com/2571-6255/2/2/20.
   Google Scholar
• Filippoupolitis, M. 2011. The south oculus at Canterbury cathedral. MSc Thesis, Guimarães, Portugal: University of Minho. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/18896.
   Google Scholar
• Foti, D., M. Debernardis, and V. Paparella. 2012. Structural safety control of masonry buildings: Non-linear static seismic analysis with a non-linear shear strength criterion. In Eleventh international conference on computational structures technology, ed. B.H.V. Topping, Vol. 99, 1–14. Stirlingshire, Scotland: Civil-Comp Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foyle, J., R. Greshoff, and H. Newton. 2013. Chapter 6: Stone repair and conservation after 1945. In Architecture of canterbury cathedral. London, UK: Scala Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Gaetani, A., P. B. Lourenço, G. Monti, and G. Milani. 2017. A parametric investigation on the seismic capacity of masonry cross vaults. Engineering Structures 148:686–703. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetani, A., G. Monti, P. B. Lourenço, and G. Marcari. 2016. Design and analysis of cross vaults along history. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 10 (7):841–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2015.1132020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF). 2018. National heritage memorial fund lottery distribution annual report and accounts for the year ended 31 March 2018. UK: National Heritage Memorial Fund. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/731175/Heritage_Lottery_Fund_ARA_2017-18.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Heyman, J. 2019. The fire at Notre-Dame: Roof. Current Trends in Civil & Structural Engineering 2 (5). https://irispublishers.com/ctcse/fulltext/the-fire-at-notre-dame-roof.ID.000548.php.
   Google Scholar
• Holický, M., and J. Marková. 2005. Presentation: Characteristics of materials. Czech Republic: Czech Technical University in Prague (in Czech).
   Google Scholar
• Huerta, S. 2004. Arcos, Bóvedas y Cúpulas. Geometría y Equilibrio En El Cálculo Tradicional de Estructuras de FábricaArcos, Bóvedas y Cúpulas. Geometría y Equilibrio En El Cálculo Tradicional de Estructuras de Fábrica. Madrid, España: Instituto Juan de Herrera.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. 1996. Computational strategies for masonry structures. PhD Thesis, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology. http://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:4f5a2c6c-d5b7-4043-9d06-8c0b7b9f1f6f.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. 1998. Experimental and numerical issues in the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of masonry. In Structural analysis of historical constructions II. Possibilities of the numerical and experimental, ed. P. Roca, J. L. González, E. Oñate, and P. B. Lourenço, 57–91. Barcelona, Spain: International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. 2008. Structural masonry analysis: Recent developments and prospects. 14th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference. Sydney, Australia: University of Newcastle. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/17176.
   Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B. 2014. Presentation SA2_12: Modelling of masonry and homogenization. Guimarães, Portugal: University of Minho.
   Google Scholar
• Magenes, G., and A. Penna. 2009. Existing masonry buildings: General code issues and methods of analysis and assessment. Eurocode 8 Perspectives from the Italian Standpoint Workshop Notes. Napoli, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Musson, R., and S. Sargeant. 2007. Eurocode 8 seismic hazard zoning maps for the UK. British Geological Survey Technical Report no. CR/07/125, 70.
   Google Scholar
• Musson, R., and P. W. Winter. 1996. Seismic hazard maps for the U.K. Natural Hazards 14 (2–3):141–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00128262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NA to BS EN 1998-1:2004. 2008. UK national annex to Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.  London, UK: BSI British Standards.
   Google Scholar
• NTC. 2018. Norme Tecniche per Le Costruzioni. Italian technical norms for constructions. Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• PD 6698. 2009. Recommendations for the design of structures for earthquake resistance to BS EN 1998. London, UK: BSI British Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Pela, L., and P. Roca. 2014. Presentation SA1_07: Ancient rules and classical approaches part 1. Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.
   Google Scholar
• Planat, P. 1887. Pratique de La Mécanique Appliquée a La Resistance Des Matériaux. Paris: Aux Bureaux de La construction moderne.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, L. 2007. Damage identification on masonry structures based on vibration signatures. PhD Thesis, Guimarães, Portugal: University of Minho. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/7380.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, L., and P. B. Lourenço. 2014. Presentation SA1_07: Inspection and diagnosis applied to historical structures. Guimarães, Portugal: University of Minho.
   Google Scholar
• Roca, P. 2001. Studies on the structure of gothic cathedrals. Historical Constructions 71–90. http://www.civil.uminho.pt/masonry/Publications/Historicalconstructions/page71-90_Roca_pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Roca, P., M. Cervera, G. Gariup, and L. Pela. 2010. Structural analysis of masonry historical constructions. Classical and advanced approaches. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 17 (3):299–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-010-9046-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca, P., M. Cervera, L. Pela, R. Clemente, and M. Chiumenti. 2013. Continuum FE models for the analysis of mallorca cathedral. Engineering Structures 46:653–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca, P., and R. Clemente. 2005. Studies on the origin of deformation and damage in long-span historical structures. 11th International Conference on Fracture, Torino, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Roca, P., G. Martínez, F. Casarin, C. Modena, P. P. Rossi, I. Rodríguez, and A. Garay. 2008. Chapter 6: Monitoring of long-term damage in long-span masonry constructions. In Learning from failure: Long-term behaviour of heavy masonry structures, ed. L. Binda, Vol. 11, 125–52. Southampton, UK: WIT.
   Google Scholar
• SVS. 2019. ARTeMIS modal, release 6.0.2.0. Aalborg, Denmark: Structural Vibration Solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Theodossopoulos, D. 2006. Technology and geometry in the design of “Gothic” vaults in Britain. Second International Congress on Construction History 3:3079–95.
   Google Scholar
• Theodossopoulos, D. 2008. Structural design of high gothic vaulting systems in England. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2 (1):1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050701516484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodossopoulos, D., and B. Sinha. 2008. Structural safety and failure modes in gothic vaulting systems. International Seminar on Structural Masonry. Istanbul, Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Theodossopoulos, D., B. Sinha, A. S. Usmani, and A. J. Macdonald. 2002. Assessment of the structural response of masonry cross vaults. Strain 38 (3):119–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0039-2103.2002.00021.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungewitter, G. 1890. Lehrbuch Der Gotischen Konstruktionen: III Auflage Neu Bearbeitet von K. Mohrmann. Ed W. Nachfolger, 3rd ed. Germany: Leipzig.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, R. 1845. The architectural history of Canterbury Cathedral. London, UK: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Wittmann, W. 1879. Zur Theorie Der Gewölbe. Zeitschrift Für Bauwesen 29:61–74.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, L. 2011. Canterbury cathedral plan-ceiling plan | Architecture portfolio. June 7. https://liamwright.wordpress.com/2011/06/07/124/canterbury-cathedral-plan-ceiling-plan-1-to-200-at-a0-add-on-flattened-final-save-2-for-web/.
   Google Scholar