Comparative in Situ Study of Nanolime, Ethyl Silicate and Acrylic Resin for Consolidation of Wall Paintings with High Water and Salt Contents at the Chapter Hall of Chartres Cathedral

References

• Arnold, A., and K. Zehnder. 1990. Salt weathering on monuments. In The conservation of monuments in the Mediterranean Basin: The influence of coastal environment and salt spray on limestone and marble, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium, ed. G. Edizioni, 31–58, Bari, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Baglioni, P., D. Chelazzi, R. Giorgi, E. Carretti, N. Toccafondi, Y. Jaidar, et al. 2014. Commercial Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles for the consolidation of immovable works of art. Applied Physics A. 114(3):723–32. doi:10.1007/s00339-013-7942-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baglioni, P., R. Giorgi, and C. Chen. 2003a. Nanoparticle technology saves cultural relics: Potential for a multimedia digital library. In Online Proceedings of DELOS/NSF Workshop on Multimedia Contents in Digital Libraries, Chania, Crete, Greece
   Google Scholar
• Baglioni, P., R. Giorgi, C. C. Chen, et al. 2003b. Nanoparticle technology saves cultural relics: Potential for a multimedia digital library. In Online Proceedings of DELOS/NSF Workshop on Multimedia Contents in Digital Libraries, Crete, Greece, June 2-3 (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Bigas, J. P., G. Martinet, A. C. Perrot, et al. 2009. Pierre et patrimoine: Connaissance et conservation. Actes sud, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Bionda, D., and P. Storemyr. 2002. Modeling the behavior of salt mixtures in walls: A case study from Tenaille von Fersen, Suomenlinna, Finland. In The study of salt deterioration mechanisms. Decay of brick walls influenced by interior climate changes, ed. T. Von Konow, 95–101. Helsinki: Suomenlinnan Hoitokunta.
   Google Scholar
• Bläuer, C., C. Franzen, and V. Vergès-Belmin. 2012. Simple field tests in stone conservation. In Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, New York, USA: Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Borsoi, G., M. Tavares, R. Veiga, and A. S. Silva. 2012. Microstructural characterization of consolidant products for historical renders: An innovative nanostructured lime dispersion and a more traditional ethyl silicate limewater solution. Microscopy and Microanalysis 18 (5):1181–89. doi:10.1017/S1431927612001341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brajer, I., and N. Kalsbeek. 1999. Limewater absorption and calcite crystal formation on a limewater-impregnated secco wall painting. Studies in Conservation 44 (3):145–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brus, J., P. Kotlik, J. Brus, and P. Kotlik. 1996. Cracking of organosilicone stone consolidants in gel form. Studies in Conservation 41 (1):55–59. doi:10.2307/1506552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretti, E., and L. Dei. 2004. Physicochemical characterization of acrylic polymeric resins coating porous materials of artistic interest. Progress in Organic Coatings 49 (3):282–89. doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2003.10.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charola, A. E., M. Laurenzi Tabasso, and U. Santamaria. 1985. The effect of water on the hydrophobic properties of an acrylic resin. In Vth international congress on deterioration and conservation of stone, Proceedings, ed. Presses Polytechniques Romandes, 739–47, Lausanne, Switzerland: Presses polytechniques romandes.
   Google Scholar
• Chelazzi, D., G. Poggi, Y. Jaidar, N. Toccafondi, R. Giorgi, P. Baglioni, et al. 2013. Hydroxide nanoparticles for cultural heritage: Consolidation and protection of wall paintings and carbonate materials. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 392:42–49. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2012.09.069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daehne, A., and C. Herm. 2013. Calcium hydroxide nanosols for the consolidation of porous building materials-results from EU-STONECORE. Heritage Science 1 (1):11. doi:10.1186/2050-7445-1-11.
   Google Scholar
• Dandrel, C. 2017. Rapport d’étude et intervention, Chartres, salle capitulaire de la cathédrale, peintures murales. Rapport interne, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
   Google Scholar
• Darwish, S. S. 2013. Evaluation of the effectiveness of some consolidants used for the treatment of the XIXth century Egyptian cemetery wall painting. International Journal of Conservation Science 4 (4):413–22.
   Google Scholar
• Desprat, A. 2013. Les peintures murales prehispaniques de san juan ixcaquixtla: Application d’un traitement de nanoparticules d’hydroxyde de calcium et barium. Conservation-restauration des biens culturels 31:17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Drdácký, M., J. Lesák, S. Rescic, Z. Slížková, P. Tiano, J. Valach, et al. 2012. Standardization of peeling tests for assessing the cohesion and consolidation characteristics of historic stone surfaces. Materials and Structures 45.4:505–20. doi:10.1617/s11527-011-9778-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duboscq, B. 2015. Étude de deux prélèvements de polychromie de la salle capitulaire, cathédrale de Chartres. Laboratoire M.S.M.A.P. SARL, rapport MSMAP 15-060 MH, Pessac, France
   Google Scholar
• Favaro, M., R. Mendichi, F. Ossola, U. Russo, S. Simon, P. Tomasin, P. A. Vigato, et al. 2006. Evaluation of polymers for conservation treatments of outdoor exposed stone monuments. Part I: Photo-oxidative weathering. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 91(12):3083–96. doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2006.08.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira Pinto, A. P., and J. Delgado Rodrigues. 2014. Impacts of consolidation procedures on colour and absorption kinetics of carbonate stones. Studies in Conservation 59 (2):79–90. doi:10.1179/2047058412Y.0000000075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, R., L. Dei, and P. Baglioni. 2000. A new method for consolidating wall paintings based on dispersions of lime in alcohol. Studies in Conservation 45 (3):154–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, R., M. Ambrosi, N. Toccafondi, and P. Baglioni. 2010. Nanoparticles for cultural heritage conservation: Calcium and barium hydroxide nanoparticles for wall painting consolidation. Chemistry - A European Journal 16 (31):9374–82. doi:10.1002/chem.201001443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregorio, S. D. 2010. Nanorestore® for the consolidation of wall paintings. Influence of the thermohygrometric parameters and the presence of saline contamination on the efficacy of the treatment. In CeROArt. Conservation, exposition, Restauration d’Objets d’Art. Association CeROArt asbl.
   Google Scholar
• Grissom, C. A., A. E. Charola, A. Boulton, and M. F. Mecklenburg. 1999. Evaluation over time of an ethyl silicate consolidant applied to ancient lime plaster. Studies in Conservation 44 (2):113–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteini, M., and S. Giovannoni. 1996. The protective effect of ammonium oxalate treatment on the surface of wall paintings. In Zum Thema Fassadenmalerei= Painted facades, Proceedings of the eurocare project, vienna, 1996, pp. 95–101.
   Google Scholar
• Milanesi, C., F. Baldi, S. Borin, L. Brusetti, F. Ciampolini, F. Iacopini, M. Cresti, et al. 2009. Deterioration of medieval painting in the chapel of the Holy Nail, Siena (Italy) partially treated with Paraloid B72. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation. 63(7):844–50. doi:10.1016/j.ibiod.2009.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mora, P., L. Mora, and P. Philippot. 1984. Conservation of wall paintings. London, Boston: Butter Worths.
   Google Scholar
• Normand, L., S. Duchêne, V. Vergès-Belmin, et al. 2019. Étude de la consolidation de peintures murales en présence de forte teneur en eau et en sels solubles: Essais de consolidants sur le mur est de la salle capitulaire de la cathédrale de Chartres. LRMH Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, rapport n°1453A, Champs-sur-Marne, France
   Google Scholar
• Normand, L., and V. Vergès-Belmin. 2016. Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, salle capitulaire, décor peint du mur intérieur est, Mesure des propriétés de sorption d’eau et analyses MEB-EDS de prélèvements effectués par forage et d’un évaporat. LRMH Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, rapport n°1261E, Champs-sur-Marne, France
   Google Scholar
• Otero, J., A. E. Charola, C. A. Grissom, and V. Starinieri. 2017. An overview of nanolime as a consolidation method for calcareous substrates. Ge-conservación 1 (11):71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Ouvrage collectif. 2006. Ouvrages de maçonnerie. Ministère de la culture et de la communication, Département communication et documentation, Paris, France
   Google Scholar
• Piqué, F., L. Dei, and E. Ferroni. 1992. Physicochemical aspects of the deliquescence of calcium nitrate and its implications for wall painting conservation. Studies in Conservation 37 (4):217–27.
   Google Scholar
• Pondelak, A., S. Kramar, M. L. Kikelj, A. Sever Škapin, et al. 2017. In-situ study of the consolidation of wall paintings using commercial and newly developed consolidants. Journal of Cultural Heritage 28:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2017.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price, C. A. 2000. An expert chemical model for determining the environmental conditions needed to prevent salt damage in porous materials. In European commission research report No 11, Protection and conservation of European cultural heritage, ed. Archetype Publications. London, pp. 156-159.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Martin, S. 2015a. Étude stratigraphique de décor peint, salle capitulaire de la cathédrale de Chartres. Études Recherches Matériaux secteur Monuments Historiques, rapport ERM 15 099 SR 160, Poitiers, France
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez-Martin, S. 2015b. Étude de la contamination saline et de l’humidité de la maçonnerie, Mur Est de la salle capitulaire de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres. Études Recherches Matériaux secteur Monuments Historiques, rapport ERM 15 211 SR 306, Poitiers, France
   Google Scholar
• Sassoni, E., G. Graziani, and E. Franzoni. 2016. An innovative phosphate-based consolidant for limestone. Part 1: Effectiveness and compatibility in comparison with ethyl silicate. Construction and Building Materials 102:918–30. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snethlage, R., and E. Wendler. 1997. Moisture cycles and sandstone degradation. Environmental Sciences Research Report ES 20:7–24.
   Google Scholar
• Trichereau, B., and D. Martos-Levif. 2016. Chartres, salle capitulaire, Caractérisation et analyses physico-chimiques. LRMH Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, rapport n°1261D, Champs-sur-Marne, France
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler, G. 2005. Alkoxysilanes and the consolidation of stone. LA, USA: Getty Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Zehnder, K., and A. Arnold. 1989. Crystal growth in salt efflorescence. Journal of Crystal Growth 97 (2):513–21. doi:10.1016/0022-0248(89)90234-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zendri, E., G. Biscontin, I. Nardini, and S. Riato. 2007. Characterization and reactivity of silicatic consolidants. Construction and Building Materials 21 (5):1098–106. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar