Preliminary Assessment of the Seismic Vulnerability of Three Inclined Bell-towers in Ferrara, Italy

References

• Bartoli, G., M. Betti, L. Galano, and G. Zini. 2019. Numerical insights on the seismic risk of confined masonry towers. Engineering Structures 180:713–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.10.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartoli, G., M. Betti, and S. Giordano. 2013. In situ static and dynamic investigations on the “ Torre Grossa” masonry tower. Engineering Structures. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.030.
   Google Scholar
• Bru, D., S. Ivorra, M. Betti, J. M. Adam, and G. Bartoli. 2019. Parametric dynamic interaction assessment between bells and supporting slender masonry tower. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 235–249] has been updated. OK?</chg>. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2019.04.038.
   Google Scholar
• Casolo, S. 1998. A three-dimensional model for vulnerability analysis of slender medieval masonry towers. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 2 (4):487–512. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469809350332.
   Google Scholar
• Casolo, S., G. Milani, G. Uva, and C. Alessandri. 2013. Comparative seismic vulnerability analysis on ten masonry towers in the coastal Po Valley in Italy. Engineering Structures 49:465–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casolo, S., V. Diana, and G. Uva. 2017. Influence of soil deformability on the seismic response of a masonry tower. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15:1991–2014. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0061-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellazzi, G., A. M. D’Altri, S. de Miranda, A. Chiozzi, and A. Tralli. 2017. Numerical insights on the seismic behavior of a non-isolated historical masonry tower. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 1–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0231-6.
   Google Scholar
• Clementi, F., A. Pierdicca, A. Formisano, F. Catinari, and S. Lenci. 2017. Numerical model upgrading of a historical masonry building damaged during the 2016 Italian earthquakes: The case study of the Podestà palace in Montelupone (Italy). Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 7:703–717] has been updated. OK?</chg>. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-017-0253-4.
   Google Scholar
• CNR. 2014. CNR-DT 212/2013 - Istruzioni per la valutazione affidabilistica della sicurezza sismica di edifici esistenti. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
   Google Scholar
• D’Ambrisi, A., V. Mariani, and M. Mezzi. 2012. Seismic assessment of a historical masonry tower with nonlinear static and dynamic analyses tuned on ambient vibration tests. Engineering Structures 36:210–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Piero, G. 1998. Limit analysis and no-tension materials. International Journal of Plasticity 14:259–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-6419(97)00055-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPCM. 2011. Linee guida per la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle Norme tecniche per le costruzioni di cui al decreto del M.I.T del. Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Drougkas, A., P. Roca, and C. Molins. 2016. Nonlinear micro-mechanical analysis of masonry periodic unit cells. International Journal of Solids and Structures 80:193–211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2015.11.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Facchini, L., and M. Betti. 2017. Time-history analysis of slender masonry towers: A parametric study on the reliability of a simplified Bouc and Wen approach. Meccanica 52:3181–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-017-0671-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fema P-58-1. 2012. Seismic Performance Assessment of Buildings - methodology, Vol. 1.,Federal Emergency Management Agency, USA
   Google Scholar
• Gambarotta, L., and S. Lagomarsino. 1997. Damage models for the seismic response of Brick Masonry Shear Walls. Part II: The continuum model and its applications. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 26:441–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199704)26:4<441::AID-EQE651><441::AID-EQE651>3.0.CO;2-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile, C., and A. Saisi. 2007. Ambient vibration testing of historic masonry towers for structural identification and damage assessment. Construction and Building Materials 21 (6):1311–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habieb, A. B., M. Valente, and G. Milani. 2019. Effectiveness of different base isolation systems for seismic protection: Numerical insights into an existing masonry bell tower. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 125:105752. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyman, J. 1992. Leaning towers. Meccanica 27:153–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00430041.
   Google Scholar
• Invernizzi, S., G. Lacidogna, N. E. Lozano-Ramírez, and A. Carpinteri. 2018. Structural monitoring and assessment of an ancient masonry tower. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2018.05.011.
   Google Scholar
• Kaushik, H. B., D. C. Rai, and S. K. Jain. 2007. Stress-strain characteristics of clay brick masonry under uniaxial compression. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 19:728–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:9(728).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagomarsino, S., and S. Podestà. 2004. Seismic vulnerability of ancient churches: I. Damage assessment and emergency planning. Earthquake Spectra 20:377–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1737735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J., and G. L. Fenves. 1998. Plastic-damage model for cyclic loading of concrete structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics 124:892–900. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1998)124:8(892).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzoni, F., M. R. Valluzzi, C. Modena, E. Simonato, F. Casarin, and A. Lionello. 2010. Settlement induced damage modelling of historical buildings: The bell tower of the “Basilica dei Frari” in Venice. Advanced Materials Research 133-134:561–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.4028/w ww.scientific.net/AMR.133-134.561.
   Google Scholar
• Lotfi, H. R., and P. B. Shing. 1994. Interface model applied to fracture of masonry structures. Journal of Structural Engineering 120:63–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1994)120:1(63).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourénço, P. B., R. De Borst, and J. G. Rots. 1997. A plane stress softening plasticity model for orthotropic materials. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 71:4033–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19971115)40:21<4033::AID-NME248><4033::AID-NME248>3.0.CO;2-0.
   Google Scholar
• Lubliner, J., J. Oliver, S. Oller, and E. Oñate. 1989. A plastic-damage model for concrete. International Journal of Solids and Structures 25:299–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7683(89)90050-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchi, M., R. Butterfield, G. Gottardi, and R. Lancellotta. 2011. Stability and strength analysis of leaning towers. Géotechnique 61:1069–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.P.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masciotta, M. G., L. F. Ramos, P. B. Lourenço, and M. Vasta. 2017. Damage identification and seismic vulnerability assessment of a historic masonry chimney. Annales de Geophysique 60. doi:https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7126.
   Google Scholar
• Milani, G. 2019. Fast vulnerability evaluation of masonry towers by means of an interactive and adaptive 3D kinematic limit analysis with pre-assigned failure mechanisms. International Journal of Architectural Heritage:1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1645241.
   Google Scholar
• Milani, G., and F. Clementi. 2019. Advanced seismic assessment of four masonry Bell Towers in Italy after operation modal analysis (OMA) identification. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 00:1–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2019.1697768.
   Google Scholar
• Milani, G., P. Lourenço, and A. Tralli. 2007. 3D homogenized limit analysis of masonry buildings under horizontal loads. Engineering Structures 29:3134–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.03.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani, G., R. Shehu, and M. Valente. 2016. Seismic vulnerability of leaning masonry towers located in Emilia-Romagna region, Italy: FEanalyses of four case studies. AIP Conference Proceedings 1790:130002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4968720.
   Google Scholar
• Milani, G., R. Shehu, and M. Valente. 2017a. Role of inclination in the seismic vulnerability of bell towers: FE models and simplified approaches. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15:1707–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0043-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani, G., R. Shehu, and M. Valente. 2017b. Seismic assessment of Masonry Towers by means of nonlinear static procedures. Procedia Engineering 199:266–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.022.
   Google Scholar
• NTC. 2018. Aggiornamento delle “Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni” - NTC 2018, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, n. 42 del 20 febbraio 2018, Ministero delle Infrastrutture, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• NTC. 2019. Istruzioni per l’applicazione dell’«Aggiornamento delle “Norme tecniche per le costruzioni”», Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, n. 35 del 21 gennaio 2019, Ministero delle Infrastrutture, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Peerlings, R. H. J., R. de Borst, W. A. M. Brekelmans, and M. G. D. Geers. 1998. Gradient-enhanced damage modelling of concrete fracture. Mechanics of Cohesive-frictional Materials 3:323–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1484(1998100)3:4<323::AID-CFM51>3.0.CO;2-Z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña, F., P. B. Lourenço, N. Mendes, and D. V. Oliveira. 2010. Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower. Engineering Structures 32 (5):1466–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierdicca, A., F. Clementi, D. Isidori, E. Concettoni, C. Cristalli, and S. Lenci. 2016. Numerical model upgrading of a historical masonry palace monitored with a wireless sensor network. International Journal of Masonry Research and Innovation 1 (1):74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMRI.2016.074748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pintucchi, B., and N. Zani. 2014. Effectiveness of nonlinear static procedures for slender masonry towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12:2531–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9595-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preciado, A. 2015. Seismic vulnerability and failure modes simulation of ancient masonry towers by validated virtual finite element models. Engineering Failure Analysis 57:72–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.07.030p.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preciado, A., A. Orduña, G. Bartoli, and H. Budelmann. 2015. Façade seismic failure simulation of an old Cathedral in Colima, Mexico by 3D limit analysis and nonlinear finite element method. Engineering Failure Analysis 49:20–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preciado, A., G. Bartoli, and A. Ramírez-Gaytán. 2017. Earthquake protection of the Torre Grossa medieval tower of San Gimignano, Italy by vertical external prestressing. Engineering Failure Analysis 31–42] has been updated. OK?</chg>. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.11.005.
   Google Scholar
• Preciado, A., H. Budelmann, and G. Bartoli. 2016. Earthquake protection of colonial bell towers in colima, mexico with externally prestressed frps. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 10 (4):499–515. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2014.1003624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preciado, A., S. T. Sperbeck, and A. Ramirez-Gaytan. 2016. Seismic vulnerability enhancement of medieval and masonry bell towers externally prestressed with unbonded smart tendons. Engineering Structures 122:50–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, L. F., L. Marques, P. B. Lourenço, G. De Roeck, A. Campos-Costa, and J. Roque. 2010. Monitoring historical masonry structures with operational modal analysis: Two case studies. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 1291–1305] has been updated. OK?</chg>. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.01.011.
   Google Scholar
• Riva, P., F. Perotti, E. Guidoboni, and E. Boschi. 1998. Seismic analysis of the Asinelli Tower and earthquakes in Bologna. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 17:525–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00009-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roca, P., M. Cervera, G. Gariup, and L. Pela. 2010. Structural analysis of masonry historical constructions. Classical and advanced approaches. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 17 (3):299–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-010-9046-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabia, D., T. Aoki, R. M. Cosentini, and R. Lancellotta. 2015. Model updating to forecast the dynamic behavior of the Ghirlandina tower in modena, Italy. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 19 (1):1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2014.962668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarhosis, V., G. Milani, A. Formisano, and F. Fabbrocino. 2017. Evaluation of different approaches for the estimation of the seismic vulnerability of masonry towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0258-8.
   Google Scholar
• Shakya, M., H. Varum, R. Vicente, and A. Costa. 2018. Seismic vulnerability assessment methodology for slender masonry structures. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 00:1–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1503368.
   Google Scholar
• Simulia, D. S. 2014. Abaqus 6.14 documentation.
   Google Scholar
• Standoli, G., E. Giordano, G. Milani, and F. Clementi. 2020. Model updating of historical belfries based on oma identification techniques. International Journal of Architectural Heritage:1–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1723735.
   Google Scholar
• Torelli, G., D. D’Ayala, M. Betti, and G. Bartoli. 2020. Analytical and numerical seismic assessment of heritage masonry towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18 (3):969–1008. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00732-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubertini, F., N. Cavalagli, A. Kita, and G. Comanducci. 2018. Assessment of a monumental masonry bell-tower after 2016 central Italy seismic sequence by long-term SHM. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16 (2):775–801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0222-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uva, G., and G. Salerno. 2006. Towards a multiscale analysis of periodic masonry brickwork: A FEM algorithm with damage and friction. International Journal of Solids and Structures 43 (13):3739–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valente, M., and G. Milani. 2017. Effects of geometrical features on the seismic response of historical Masonry Towers. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1277438.
   Google Scholar
• Vicente, R., D. D′Ayala, T. M. Ferreira, H. Varum, A. Costa, J. A. R. M. da Silva, et al. 2014. Seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of historic masonry buildings. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39686-1_11.
   Google Scholar
• Zanotti Fragonara, L., G. Boscato, R. Ceravolo, S. Russo, S. Ientile, M. L. Pecorelli, A. Quattrone, et al. 2017. Dynamic investigation on the Mirandola bell tower in post-earthquake scenarios. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15:313–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9970-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar