3,086
Views
138
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications

&
Pages 219-244 | Received 28 Dec 2005, Accepted 29 Jan 2006, Published online: 07 Feb 2007

References

  • Kordesch , K. and Simader , G. 1996 . “ Fuel Cells and their Applications ” . Weinheim : VCH .
  • Gottesfeld , S. and Zawodzinski , T. A. Jr . 1997 . Polymer electrolyte fuel cells . Adv. Electrochem. Sci. Eng. , 5 : 195 – 301 .
  • Strasser , K. 2003 . “ H2/O2 – PEM Fuel cell modules for an air independent propulsion system in a submarine ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 4 , 1201 – 1214 . West Sussex, UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Hinds , G. 2004 . “ Performance and durability of fuel cells ” . In National Physical Laboratory report DEPC‐MPE 002 Middlesex, , UK : Teddington .
  • Wurster , R. and Schindler , J. 2003 . “ Solar and wind energy coupled with electrolysis and fuel cells ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 62 – 78 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Rifkin , J. 2002 . “ The Hydrogen Economy: The Creation of the Worldwide Energy Web and the Redistribution of Power on Earth ” . Tarcher/Putnam .
  • Wald , M. L. 2004 . Questions about a hydrogen economy . Scientific American , 290 : 66 – 73 .
  • Heinzel , A. and Hebling , C. “ Portable PEM systems ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 4 , 1142 – 1151 .
  • Narayanan , S. R. and Valdez , T. I. 2003 . “ Portable direct methanol fuel cell systems ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 4 , 1134 – 1142 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Van den Hoed , R. 2005 . Commitment to fuel cell technology? How to interpret a carmaker's efforts in this radical technology . J. Power Sources , : 265 – 271 .
  • Jollie , D. 2005 . Aspects of fuel cell development and commercialization . Applied Earth Science (Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. B) , 114 : B154 – B157 .
  • Feitelberg , A. S. , Stathopoulos , J. , Qi , Z. , Smith , C. and Elter , J. 2005 . Reliability of Plug Power GenSys fuel cell systems . J. Power Sources , 147 : 2003 – 2007 .
  • Grubb , W. T. Fuel Cell United States . Patent US2913511, 1959 .
  • Curtian , D. E. , Lousenberg , R. D. , Henery , T. J. , Tangeman , P. C. and Tisack , M. E. 2004 . Advanced materials for improved PEMFC performance and life . J. Power Sources , 131 : 41 – 48 .
  • Yoshida , N. , Ishisaki , T. , Watakabe , A. and Yoshitake , M. 1998 . Characterization of Flemion® membranes for P.M.F.C. . Electrochim. Acta , 43 : 3749 – 3754 .
  • Grot , W. G. 1994 . Perfluorinated ion exchange polymers and their use in research and industry . Macromol. Synp. , 82 : 161 – 172 .
  • Freire , T. J.P. and Gonzalez , E. R. 2001 . Effect of membrane characteristics and humidification conditions on the impedance response of polymer electrolyte fuel cells . J. Electroanalytical Chem. , 503 : 57 – 68 .
  • Grot , W. G. Process for making articles coated with a liquid composition of perfluorinated ion exchange resin United States . Patent US4433991, 1984 .
  • Gebel , G. , Aldebert , P. and Pineri , M. 1987 . Structure and related properties of solution‐cast perfluorinated ionomer films . Macromolecules , 20 : 1428 – 1430 .
  • Cleghorn , S. , Kolde , J. and Lui , W. 2003 . “ Catalyst coated composite membranes ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 566 – 575 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Zawodzinski , T. A. , Derouin , C. , Radzinski , S. , Sherman , R. J. , Smith , V. T. , Springer , T. E. and Gottesfeld , S. 1993 . Water uptake by and transport through Nafion® 117 membranes . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 140 : 1041 – 1047 .
  • Tada , T. “ High dispersion catalysts including novel carbon supports ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 482 – 488 .
  • Masten , D. A. and Bosco , A. D. 2003 . System design for vehicle applications . Handbook of Fuel Cells , 4 : 714 – 724 .
  • Hamada , Y. , Nakamura , M. , Kubota , H. , Ochifuji , K. , Murase , M. and Goto , R. 2004 . Field performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell system for a residential energy system . Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews , 9 : 345 – 362 .
  • Linden , D. 1994 . The Handbook of Batteries , 2nd ed. New York : McGraw‐Hill .
  • Knight , S. D. , Colbow , K. M. , St‐Pierre , J. and Wilkinson , D. P. 2004 . Aging mechanisms and lifetime of PEFC and DMFC . J. Power Sources , 127 : 127 – 143 .
  • Mark , F. , Mathias , M. F. , Makharia , R. , Gasteiger , H. A. , Conley , J. J. , Fuller , T. J. , Gittleman , C. J. , Kocha , S. S. , Miller , D. P. , Mittelsteadt , C. K. , Xie , T. , Yan , S. G. and Yu , P. T. 2005 . Two fuel cell cars in every garage? . Interface , 14 : 24 – 35 .
  • Ezzel , B. R. , Carl , W. P. and Mod , W. A. Sulfonic acid electrolyte cell having fluorinated polymer membrane with hydration product less than 22,000, United States . Patent US4358545, 1982 .
  • Hamrock , S. J. , Rivard , L. M. , Moore , G. G.I. and Freemeyer , H. T. Polymer electrolyte membranes, United States . Patent Application, US 20040121210, 2004 .
  • Maritz , K. A. and Moore , R. B. 2004 . State of understanding of Nafion . Chem. Rev. , 104 : 4535 – 4585 .
  • Gierke , T. D. and Hsu , W. Y. 1982 . “ The cluster‐network model of ion clustering in perfluorosulfonaed membranes ” . In Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes, ACS Symposium Series Edited by: Eisenberg , A. and Yeager , H. L. Vol. 180 , 283 – 310 . Washington, DC : American Chemical Society .
  • Litt , M. H. 1997 . A reevaluation of Nafion® Morphology . Polymer Preprints , 38 ( 1 ) : 80 – 81 .
  • Rubatat , L. , Gebel , G. and Diat , O. 2004 . Fibrillar structure of Nafion: Matching fourier and real space studies of corresponding films and solutions . Macromolecules , 37 : 7772 – 7783 .
  • Hamrock , S. J. 2005 . “ New membranes for PEM fuel cells ” . In Advances in Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems California : Pacific Grove .
  • Eisman , G. A. 1990 . The applications of dow chemical's perfluorinated membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells . J. Power Sources , 29 : 389 – 398 .
  • Prater , K. 1990 . The renaissance of the solid polymer fuel cell . J. Power Sources , 29 : 239 – 250 .
  • Ghielmi , A. , Vaccarono , P. , Troglia , C. and Arella , V. 2005 . Proton exchange membranes based on the short‐side‐chain perfluorinated ionomer . J. Power. Sources , 145 : 108 – 115 .
  • Arcella , V. , Ghielmi , A. and Tommasi , G. 2003 . High performance perfluoropolymer films and membranes . Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. , 984 : 226 – 244 .
  • Rivard , L. M. , Pierpont , D. , Freemeyer , H. T. , Thaler , A. and Hamrock , S. J. 2003 . “ Development of a new electrolyte membrane for PEM fuel cells. Fuel Cell Seminar ” . 73 FL : Miami Beach . Abstract Book
  • Guerra , M. A. Preparation of perfluorinated vinyl ethers having a sulfonyl fuoride end‐group. United States . Patent US6624328, 2003 .
  • Ikeda , M. , Uematsu , N. , Saitou , H. , Hoshi , N. , Hattori , M. and Iijima , H. 2005 . Novel fluorinated polymer electrolyte for fuel cell . Polymer Preprints, Japan , 54 : 2 – 4522 . 4521
  • Eisman , G. A. and Door , R. D. Ion exchange membrane/electrode assembly having increased efficiency in proton exchange processes United States . Patent US5302269 . 1994 .
  • Rozière , J. and Jones , D. J. 2003 . Non‐fluorinated polymer materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells . Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. , 33 : 503 – 555 .
  • Hickner , M. A. , Ghassemi , H. , Kim , Y. S. , Einsla , B. R. and McGrath , J. E. 2004 . Alternative polymer systems for proton exchange membranes (PEM's) . Chem. Rev. , 104 : 4587 – 4612 .
  • Iojoiu , C. , Chabert , F. , Maréchal , M. , Kissi , N. E. , Guindet , J. and Sanchez , J. Y. 2005 . From polymer chemistry to membrane elaboration a global approach of fuel cell polymer electrolytes . J. Power Sources , in press
  • Steck , A. E. and Stone , C. 1997 . Development of the BAM membrane for fuel cell applications . Proceedings of the First International Symposium for Fuel Cells and Modern Battery Systems , : 792 – 807 .
  • Buchi , F. N. , Gupta , B. , Halim , J. , Haas , O. and Scherer , G. G. 1994 . A new class of partially fluorinated fuel cell membranes . Proc. Electrochem. Soc. , 23 : 220 – 235 .
  • Chuy , C. , Ding , J. , Swanson , E. , Holdcroft , S. , Horsfall , J. and Lovell , K. 2003 . Conductivity and electrochemical ORR mass transport properties of solid polymer electrolytes containing poly (styrene sulfonic acid) graft chains . J. Electrochemical Soc. , 150 : E271 – 279 .
  • Buchi , F. N. , Gupta , B. , Haas , O. and Scherer , G. G. 1995 . Study of radiation‐grafted Fep‐G‐Polystyrene membranes as polymer electrolytes in fuel cells . Electrochim. Acta , 40 : 345
  • Scherer , G. G. 1990 . Polymer membranes for fuel cells . Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. , 94 : 1008 – 1014 .
  • Guo , Q. , Pintauro , P. N. , Tang , H. and O'Conner , S. 1999 . Sulfonated and crosslinked polyphospazene‐based proton exchange membranes . J. of Membrane Sci. , 154 : 175 – 181 .
  • Miyatake , K. and Watanabe , M. 2005 . Recent progress in proton conducting membranes for PEFC . Electrochemistry , 73 : 12 – 19 .
  • Kim , Y. S. , Wang , F. , Hickner , M. , McCartney , S. , Hong , Y. T. , Harrison , W. , Zawodzinski , T. A. and McGrath , J. E. 2003 . Effect of acidification treatment and morphological stability of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton exchange membranes for fuel‐cell use above 100°C . J. Polymer Sci. Part B, Polymer Physics , 41 : 2816 – 2828 .
  • Kreuer , K. D. 2001 . On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells . J. Membrane Sci. , 185 : 29 – 39 .
  • Paddison , S. J. 2001 . The modeling of molecular structure and ion transport in sulfonic acid based ionomer membranes . J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst. , 4 : 197 – 207 .
  • Savinell , R. , Yeager , E. , Tryk , D. , Landau , U. , Wainright , J. , Weng , D. , Lux , K. , Litt , M. and Rogers , C. 1994 . A polymer electrolyte for operation at temperatures up to 200C . J. Electrochemical Soc. , 141 : L46 – L48 .
  • Wainwright , J. S. , Litt , M. H. and Savinell , R. F. 2003 . High temperature membranes . Handbook of Fuel Cells , 3 : 436 – 446 .
  • Xiao , L. , Zhang , H. , Scanlon , E. , Ramanathan , L. S. , Choe , E. W. , Rogers , D. , Apple , T. and Benicewicz , B. C. 2005 . High‐temperature polybenzimidazole fuel cell membranes via a sol‐gel process . Chem. Mater. , 17 : 5328 – 5333 .
  • Doyle , M. , Choi , S. K. and Proulx , G. 2000 . High temperature proton conducting membranes based on perfluorinated ionomer membrane‐ionic liquid composites . J. Electrochemical Soc. , 147 : 34 – 37 .
  • Mitsushima , S. , Kudo , K. , Sakamoto , R. , Noda , A. , Takeoka , Y. , Kamiya , N. , Watanabe , M. and Ota , K. I. 2002 . Proton conduction of RTMS‐acid system . Electrochemical Society Proceedings , 19 : 124 – 133 .
  • Kreuer , K. D. , Fuchs , A. , Ise , M. , Spaeth , M. and Maier , J. 1998 . Imidazole and pyrazole‐based conducting polymers and liquids . Electrochim. Acta , 43 : 1281 – 1288 .
  • Herz , H. G. , Kreuer , K. D. , Maier , J. , Scharfenberger , G. , Schuster , M. F. H. and Meyer , W. H. 2003 . New fully polymeric proton solvents with high proton mobility . Electrochim. Acta , 48 : 2165 – 2171 .
  • Zhou , Z. , Li , S. , Zhang , Y. , Liu , M. and Li , W. 2005 . Promotion of Proton conduction in polymer electrolyte membranes by 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 127 : 10824 – 10825 .
  • DesMarteau , D. D. 1995 . Novel perfluorinated ionomers and ionenes . J. Fluorine Chem. , 72 : 203 – 208 .
  • Wainwright , J. S. , Savinell , R. F. , DesMarteau , D. D. , Ma , J. J. , Sung , K. and Zang , L. 1994 . Characterization of perfluorosulfonimide polymer electrolytes . Proc. Electrochem. Soc. , 94 ( 23 ) : 265 – 273 .
  • Ford , L. A. , DesMarteau , D. D. and Smith , D. W. 2005 . Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aromatic polyethers: synthesis and characterization of new sulfonimide containing monomers and fluoropolymers . J. Fluorine Chem. , 126 : 651 – 658 .
  • Thomas , B. H. and DesMarteau , D. D. 2002 . Self‐emusifying polymerization (SEP) of 3,6‐Dioxa‐Δ7‐trifluoromethyl perfluorooctyl trifluoromethyl sulfonamide with tetrafluoroethylene . J. Fluorine Chemistry , 126 : 1057 – 1064 .
  • Koppel , I. A. , Taft , R. W. , Anvia , F. , Zhu , S , Z. , Hu , L. Q. , Sung , K. S. , DesMarteau , D. D. , Yagupolskii , L. M. , Yagupolski , Y. L. , Ignat'ev , N. V. , Kondratenko , N. V. , Volkonskii , A. Y. , Slasov , V. M. , Notario , R. and Maria , P. C. 1994 . The gas phase acidities of very strong neutral br⊘nsted acids . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 116 : 3047 – 3057 .
  • Savett , S. C. , Atkins , J. R. , Sides , C. R. , Harris , J. L. , Thomas , B. H. , Creager , S. E. , Pennington , W. T. and DesMarteau , D. D. 2002 . A comparison of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide Ionomers and perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers for applications in PEM fuel‐cell technology . J. Electrochemical Soc. , 149 : A1527 – A1532 .
  • Hofmann , M. A. , Ambler , C. M. , Maher , A. E. , Chalkova , E. , Zhou , X. Y. , Lvov , S. N. and Allcock , H. R. 2002 . Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with sulfonimide side groups . Macromolecules , 35 : 6490 – 6493 .
  • Mao , S. S. , Hamrock , S. J. and Ylitalo , D. A. Crosslinked ion conductive membranes, United States . Patent US6090895, 2000 .
  • Cho , C. G. , Kim , Y. S. , Hill , M. L. and McGrath , J. E. 2003 . Polym Prepr. , 44 : 649
  • Greenwood , N. N. and Thompson , A. 1958 . Proton‐switch as a mechanism for conduction in anhydrous phosphoric acid . Chem. Soc., Proc. , : 352 – 353 .
  • Kotov , S. V. , Pedersen , S. D. , Qiu , W. , Qiu , Z. M. and Burton , D. J. 1997 . Preparation of perfluorocarbon polymers containing phosphonic acid groups . J. Fluorine Chem. , 82 : 13 – 19 .
  • Cleghorn , S. J.C. , Mayfield , D. K. , Moore , D. A. , Moore , J. C. , Rusch , G. , Sherman , T. W. , Sisofo , N. T. and Beuscher , U. 2005 . “ A polymer electrolyte fuel cell life test: 3 years of continuous operation ” . In J. Power Sources in press
  • Liu , W. and Zuckerbrod , D. 2005 . In situ detection of hydrogen peroxide in PEM fuel cells . J. Electrochemical. Soc. , 152 : A1165 – A1170 .
  • LaConti , A. B. , Hamdan , M. and McDonald , R. C. 2003 . “ Mechanisms of membrane degradation ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 647 – 662 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Pelsozy , M. C. , Wainright , J. and Zawodzinski , T. A. Peroxide production and detection in polymer films . 106th ECS Meeting , Honolulu, HI
  • DuPont product Literature .
  • Moore , R. B. and Martin , C. R. 1988 . Chemical and morphological properties of solution‐cast perfluorosulfonate ionomers . Macromolecules , 21 : 1334 – 1339 .
  • Budinski , M. , Gittleman , C. , Yeh‐Hung , L. , Litteer , B. and Miller , D. 2004 . Characterization of perfluorosulfonic acid membranes for PEM fuel cell mechanical durability . AIChE ,
  • Kawano , Y. , Wang , Y. , Palmer , R. A. and Aubuchon , S. R. 2002 . Stress‐strain curves of Nafion membranes in acid and salt forms . Polimeros: Ciencia e Technologia , 12 ( 2 ) : 96 – 101 .
  • Yandrasits , M. Mechanical property measurements of PFSA membranes at elevated temperatures and humidities . 2nd International Conference on Polymer Batteries and Fuel Cells Las Vegas Nevada ,
  • Stucki , S. , Scherer , G. G. , Schlagowski , S. and Fischer , E. 1998 . PEM water electrolysers: evidence for membrane failure in 100 kW demonstration plants . J. Applied Electrochemistry , 28 : 1041 – 1049 .
  • Healy , J. , Hayden , C. , Xie , T. , Olson , K. , Waldo , R. , Brundage , M. , Gasteiger , H. and Abbott , J. 2005 . Aspects of the chemical degradation of PFSA ionomers used in PEM fuel cells . Fuel Cells , 5 ( 2 ) : 302 – 308 .
  • Yu , J. , Matsuura , T. , Islam , M. N. and Hori , M. 2005 . Lifetime behavior of a PEM fuel cell with low humidification of feed stream . Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. , 7 : 373 – 378 .
  • Wilkinson , D. P. and St‐Pierre , J. 2003 . “ Durability ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 611 – 626 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Barton , R. H. , Gibb , P. R. , Ronne , J. A. and Voss , H. H. Membrane electrode assembly for an electrochemcial fuel cell and a method of making an improved membrane electrode assembly . United States Patent US6057054 . 2000 .
  • Schnid , O. and Einhart , J. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells and stacks with adhesively bonded layers . United Stated Patent US6080503 . 2000 .
  • Wald , D. A. , Le , J. M. , Yandrasits , M. A. and Boucher , P. M. Fuel cell membrane electrode assembly with sealing surfaces . United States Patent Application US2003/2011378A1 . 2003 .
  • Bonk , S. P. , Krasij , M. and Reiser , C. A. Fuel cell stack assembly with edge seal . United States Patent US6399234 B2 . 2002 .
  • Spencer , C. S. A membrane electrode gasket assembly . World Patent WO00/10216 . 2000 .
  • Streck , A. E. and Wei , J. Gasketed membrane electrode assembly for electrochemical fuel cells . United States Patent 5464700 . 1995 .
  • Kelland , J. W. and Braun , S. G. Unitized fuel cell structure . United States Patent 5187025 . 1993 .
  • Bahar , B. , Hobson , A. R. and Kolde , J. A. Integral composite membrane . United States Patent 5599614 . 1997 .
  • Bahar , B. , Hobson , A. R. , Kolde , J. A. and Zuckerbrod . Ultra‐thin integral composite membrane . United States Patent 5547551 . 1996 .
  • Nakao , M. and Yoshitake , M. 2003 . “ Composite perfluorinated membranes ” . In Handbook of Fuel Cells: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications Edited by: Vielstien , W. , Gasteiger , H. A. and Lamm , A. Vol. 3 , 412 – 419 . West Sussex, , UK : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Watanabe , M. , Uchida , H. , Seli , Y. , Emori , M. and Stonehart , P. 1996 . Self‐humidifying polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells . J. Electrochemical Soc. , 143 : 3847 – 3852 .
  • Deng , Q. , Moore , R. B. and Mauritz , K. A. 1998 . Nafion™/(SiO2, ORMOSIL, and dimethylsiloxane) hybrids via in situ sol‐gel reaction: characterization of fundamental properties . J. Applied Polymer Science , 68 : 747 – 763 .
  • Gubler , L. , Gürsel , S. A. and Scherer , G. G. Radiation grafted membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells . Fuel Cells , 5 ( 3 ) 317 – 335 .
  • Wlassics , I. and Tortelli , V. Sulphonic fluorinated ionomers . United States Patent Application US20050228061 A1 . 2004 .
  • Scheirs , J. 1997 . “ Structure/property considerations for fluoropolymers and fluoroelastomers to avoid in service failure ” . In Modern Fluoropolymers 1 – 69 . Wiley Series in Polymer Science .
  • Kinumoto , T. , Inaba , M. , Nakayama , Y. , Ogata , K. , Umbebayashi , R. , Tasaka , A. , Iriyama , Y. , Abe , T. and Ogumi , Z. 2005 . “ Durability of perfluorinated ionomer membrane against hydrogen peroxide ” . In J. Power Sources in press
  • Pianca , M. , Barchiesi , E. , Esposto , G. and Radice , S. 1999 . End groups in fluoropolymers . J. Fluorine Chemistry , 95 : 71 – 84 .
  • 1970 . “ Stabilization of fluorocarbon polymers GB1210794 ” .
  • Schiraldi , D. 2005 . “ Chemical durability studies of model compounds and Nafion® under mimic fuel cell conditions ” . In Advances in Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells CA : Pacific Grove .
  • Haung , C. , Tan , K. S. , Lin , J. and Tan , K. L. 2003 . XRD and XPS analysis of the degradation of the polymer electrolyte in H2‐O2 fuel cell . Chemical Phys. Lett. , 371 : 80 – 85 .
  • Hickner , M. , Kim , Y. S. , Zawodzinski , T. A. and McGrath , J. E. Proton exchange membrane nanocomposites for fuel cells . 33rd International SAMPE Technical Conference ,
  • Lakshmanan , B. , Huang , W. , Olmeijer , D. and Weidner . 2003 . Polyetheretherketone membranes for elevated temperature PEMFC's . Electrochemical and Solid‐State Letters , 6 ( 12 ) : A282 – A285 .
  • Meyer , G. , Gebel , G. , Gonon , L. , Marscaq , D. , Marestin , C. and Mercier , R. 2005 . “ Degradation of sulfonated polyimide membranes in fuel cell conditions ” . In J. Power Sources in press
  • Protsailo , L. , Haug , A. , Sethuraman , V. , Skiba , T. and Motupally , S. Durability aspects of PEM fuel cells . Pacific Polymer Conference IX , Maui, , Hawaii

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.